发布时间：2023-03-10 14:54:53
序言：写作是分享个人见解和探索未知领域的桥梁，我们为您精选了8篇的英国文化英语论文样本，期待这些样本能够为您提供丰富的参考和启发，请尽情阅读。
关键词：语用失误；文化；语用能力
引言
珍妮·托玛斯（JennyThomas）于1983年在其“跨文化语用失误”一文中首次提出了语用失误这一概念，这位跨文化语用失误及其原因的研究奠定了理论基础。“这一理论框架与其他社会语言学的研究成果一起为国内外的学者指明了方向。学者们纷纷著书立说，使这一领域的研究呈现出欣欣向荣的景象”（戴伟栋、张红玲，2000）。学者们就学习者跨文化交际中产生的语用失误、语用失误的原因及语用失误的研究方法等方面展开了研究，并提出了有效的避免语用失误和提高语用能力的方法。本文就国内学者近20年来在跨文化语用失误方面的研究作一综述，并谈谈笔者的看法。
一、语用失误的定义及分类
一般认为，当说话人在言语交际中使用了符号关系正确的句子，但说话不合时宜，或者说话方式不恰当、表达不合习惯等，具体来说，说话人不自觉地违反了人际规范、社会规约，或者不合时间空间、不看对象、不顾交际双方的身份、地位、场合等，违背目的语特有的文化价值观念，使交际行为中断或失败，使语言交际遇到障碍，导致交际不能取得预期效果或达到完满的交际效果，这样性质的错误就叫语用失误(何自然，1997:205;钱冠连，1997:223;张巨文，2000)。珍妮·托玛斯将语用失误分为语用语言失误(pragmalinguisticfailure)和社交语用失误(so-cialpragmaticfailure)。“语用语言失误指对语言语境把握不当导致的语用失误”(张巨文，2000);“社交语用方面的失误指交际中因不了解或忽视谈话双方的社会、文化背景差异而出现的语言表达失误”(何自然，1997:207)。
二、国内语用失误研究
在国内，黄次栋于1984年在其“语用学与语用错误”一文中首次提出了“语用错误”这一概念。他详细阐述了十种不同的语用错误并且指出，在语言学习中，除了要掌握必要的语言知识如语音、语法和词汇等外，更重要的是要掌握不同的语言形式在不同的非言语语境和背景下的运用。他还建议有关言语行为中的语用内容应该增加到大纲中并且教授给学生。自此，有关语用失误的研究日益增多，许多学者对学习者语用失误的原因进行了研究并提出了有效的减少语用失误的方法。
继黄次栋之后，何自然、严庄（1986）对语用失误进行了量的研究，他们以托玛斯的理论为基础，在其“中国学生在英语交际中的语用失误——汉英语用差异调查”一文中，对来自几所大学的79名语言教师在语言语用失误和社交语用失误方面的汉英差异进行了调查，结果表明，导致语用失误的主要原因是语言语用知识和社交语用知识的缺乏。由此，他们提出，在课堂教学中应该教授跨文化语用知识。他们的研究对于探索和分析中国学生的语用失误有极大的实际价值。他们所采用的问卷也为今后语用失误的研究提供了一个范例。此外，王得杏（1990）将语用失误的研究扩展到跨文化语用失误的研究，并且解释了语用失误的原因及减少语用失误的方法。贾玉新（1997）提出，正是文化差异导致了行为举止、问候语、社会价值观等方面的差异。戈玲玲（2002）认为语用失误主要源自不同的文化背景，由于说话者与听话者分别来自不同的文化背景，他们之间会产生不恰当的言语行为。戴伟栋、张红玲（2002）指出，文化迁移时导致语用失误的主要原因之一，他们认为，文化迁移有两种，即表层结构迁移和深层结构迁移，语言语用失误属于表层结构迁移，而社交语用失误属于深层结构迁移。郝钦海（2000）的“广告语言中的跨文化语用失误”中提出造成语用失误的主要原因是违反了语用规约。在语言教学方面，鲁健冀（1993）提出，我们在教学中总是忽略了汉语语言原则的变化，从而导致了母语的迁移，因此母语迁移特别是母语的负迁移是产生语言失误的主要原因。:
三、结语
国内学者对语用失误分别进行了质的研究和量的研究，并从不同的角度分析了语用失误产生的原因，综上所述，造成语用失误的主要原因有文化差异、文化迁移、母语迁移和违反语用规约，众多学者研究了言语行为或非言语行为方面的语言失误及其成因，他们的研究具有非常重要的实用价值。对语用失误成因的分析也非常具体，但是关于语用失误原因的分析仅限于文化方面，这些研究也没有同时对言语行为和非言语行为两方面的语言失误进行具体的研究，很多学者只是对语用失误原因进行了分析，却没有提出有效的提高语用能力的方法，因此，在今后的研究中，应当考虑到言语和非言语交际两个方面，通过调查、对比和分析对语用失误的原因进行更全面得分析并总结出避免语用失误和提高学习者语用能力的有效方法。
参考文献：
[1]Thomas，J.1983.Cross-culturalPragmaticFailure[J].AppliedLinguistics4(2):91-112.
[2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2).
[3]戈玲玲.教学语用学[M].湖南：国防科技大学出版社，2002.
[4]郝钦海.广告语言中的跨文化语用失误[J].外语教学.2000(7):26-32.
[5]何自然.语用学与英语学习[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997.
[6]何自然，阎庄.中国学生在英语交际中的语用失误——汉英语用差异调查[J].外语教学与研究，1986(3).
[7]黄次栋.语用学与语用错误[J].外国语，1984(1):13-18.
[8]贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997.
[9]李悦娥，范宏雅.话语分析[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.
[10]吕文华，鲁健骥.外国人学汉语的语用失误[J].汉语学习.1993(1).
[11]钱冠连.语用学：语言适应理论——Verschueren语用学新论述评[J].外语教学与研究，1991(1)：7-15.
（一）不明确的经营目标我国很多企业在全球经济化的背景下都争先恐后走向国外，在走向国外的接近9000多家的企业中虽然不乏又成功的企业，但是却只是占很少的比例，着主要是因为企业在没有明确目标的情况下，贸然实现跨国经营，没有深刻认识到走向国外的意义，认为只要企业面向了全球，势必会有广阔的前景，势必会盈利。但是事实却是很多企业因为不了解选择国家和区域内消费者的需求差异，以及在选择合作伙伴、经营策略上没有进行论证分析，造成了严重的水土不服，引发了企业的经营出现重重困难。
（二）不合理的布局结构中国跨国企业中大部分会出现布局结构不合理的现象出现，出现不合理布局结构主要体现在地区结构和产业结构两个方面。从地区结构上来讲，投资的区域和集中，造成了我国企业内部因争客户等原因发生互相压价等现象，这不仅仅损害了企业自身的利益，还大大增加中国商品的反倾销案件。而从产业结构上来讲，中国大部分的跨国企业哈时候还是偏重于加工和制造等比较初级产品产业的投资，导致跨国企业中高新技术产业严重缺失。
（三）缺乏核心技术和复合型管理人才我国企业的出口产量很大，很多产品在全球范围内也占有一定的价格优势，占领的市场份额也不少，但常常会因为产品缺少核心技术而让产品性能受到压制，只是价格低占领市场，进而导致产品利润低下，不能为企业获得最大利益。我国企业在一些高科技技术上还很缺乏优势，虽然我国企业的某些技术在该领域或者方面站在世界领先水平的地位上，从总体上来说，和发达国家企业还有很大差距。主要表现在两个方面：我国企业的很多技术还是从发达国家技术引进，然后再向发展中国家技术输出，但是输出还是一些手工艺技术等；同时，在我国企业中许多高新技术从无到有的时候，发达国家企业中却已经是从好到精，始终不能跟上发达国家发展脚步。在经营管理中，常常缺乏相关的优秀管理人才，导致一些专业人员因为外语的原因不能管理好企业经营，而有些则是懂得外语，却没有相关专业知识而影响企业经营的管理和发展。
二、我国企业跨国经营管理改善的策略
1.我国企业想要真正的实心跨国经营，就应该向考虑好企业要如何开拓国际市场，仅仅是为了增加企业产品销售量，是为了了解全世界消费者的需求，以此实现企业产品领导世界主流，还是为了能够引进发达国家的先进技术提高企业生产水平，以此提高企业竞争优势。只有明确了企业的经营目标之后，企业才能够更好的针对目标提出企业跨国经营管理的相关策略，才能在竞争激烈的市场中占有一席之地。我国企业在进行跨国经营管理的时候，可以借鉴国际跨国公司发展的经验，将人员当地化作为基础，再将管理当地化作为管理核心，以生产当地化和行为当地化为两翼，实现跨国企业的效益经营。2.企业要选择合适的产业结构和投资地区。企业首先要具有全球化的视野，对产业进行全方位的选择，要详实进行可行性研究以及论证调研，然后根据获取的利益和风险回避的原则上，选择适宜的经营国家和区域。在实际经营管理中，还要积极的学习国外企业的先进技术，将我国企业跨国经营管理的起点高，并且积极快速地进入到高附加值产业中去。我国企业在海外经营有一些相对优势，这些优势主要体现在发展中国家、独联体和东欧国家中，因为我国经济和前面列举的三类国家的互补性比较强，在技术上我国企业也2014年第10期中旬刊（总第567期）时代Times是具有很多相对优势，尤其是某些机电产品和成套设备，很适合在这些市场进行发展，拥有比较广阔的企业发展前景。由此可以得出，我国企业跨国投资的市场跨国经营方向是：确立亚太地区作为投资的重点区域；继续保持对欧美这两个市场投资；积极开拓东欧、拉美、非洲等发展中国家(地区)市场。3.因为我国很多跨国企业都没有属于自己企业的核心技术，所以在跨国经济管理中投入大量的产品技术研发，打造出属于企业自己的核心技术。因为在WTO协议中有意向重要内容就是知识产权的保护。但是对于我国很多企业经营管理者来说，保护知识产权方面的知识和意识还是十分薄弱，因此需要引起企业经营管理者足够的重视，通过加强学习逐步掌握这一锐利武器。这都是为了跨国企业能够打造出自己的品牌，而先进的技术就是支持品牌的一种重要因素，所以企业就要加大研发力度，开发出具有企业自主知识产权的知名品牌和产品。只有这样，企业才能在国外激烈竞争的市场中，稳妥并快速的发展。4.还要加强企业内部经营管理人才的培养，企业可以采取内部员工培训和高薪聘请专家等多种路径，培养出一批既能懂外语，又能懂得相关贸易、经济和法律等专业知识的高素质复合型人才，并让其在企业跨国经营管理中发挥出重要作用。也可以利用当地人才inanceNO.10，2014（CumulativetyNO.567）资源，实施国外机构人员的当地化管理战略，为企业提供管理人才，提供企业经营管理水平。除了加强对人员的培训，还要致力于开发和完善独特的人才培养机制，形成终身学习、永恒成长的能力提高机制。
三、结束语
[关键词]外国文化 英语学习 作用
[中图分类号]G40-032 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349（2013）08-0043-01
一、文化与语言的关系
在日常生活中，语言是文化的一部分，文化亦是语言的一部分，二者紧密相连。没有对文化背景的一定了解，很难提高语言的实际应用能力。文化是生活的一种体现，它的内容涵盖了我们的存在、思考、感知，它是将我们大家联系在一起的枢纽。它规范着我们在社会中的言谈举止，提醒着我们在社会中所扮演的角色。文化是一种道德约束，它告诫我们作为独立的个体我们能够行使的权利，还有我们对于社会的职责。
另一方面，语言是文化的载体。[1，2]它由语音、发声、听力所构成的能够交流的系统，该系统通过声音符号来传达任意的交流信息。著名语言学家哈特曼认为语言是最重要的交际工具。韦伯斯特认为语言是一种使用约定俗成的符号、声音、手势和大家已知的标识来交流思想、感觉的系统方法。英语的学习不仅仅是理解语言的表面意思，主要是知道语言背后代表的文化含义。语言是一种社会现象，每种语言体现了一种特有的文化。因此，英语教学必须着重英语文化的熏陶，教师必须给予学生一定的文化知识基础上，才能让学生真正理解英语的意思。学习者只有对这些文化背景知识有较充分的认识，才能熟练、准确地使用英语。[3]
二、文化在英语教学中的重要性
对于第二语言的教师与学者来说，理解不同国家文化存在差异是非常有必要的。要学会接受这些差异，并去理解它们。在教授英语时，中美文化的差异常常被一些教师们忽视，结果就是，我们的学生带着中国文化的思想去跟外国人交流，即使拥有正确的发音、准确的词汇以及语法，在实际交流中，他们却不能确切地表达自己甚至还会被外国人误解他们的意思。怎样解决这个问题呢？答案就是在英语教学中融入外国文化。
中国与外国的文化差异主要体现为：同一词汇在不同文化里所代表的含义不同。例如“红”这个字，在我国代表的含义是喜庆、吉利，但在国外代表的却是危险、血腥以及死亡；如在中国，如果有人赞美自己，那么这个人会说一些谦虚的话，但是如果夸奖一个外国人，那他就会感谢你的赞美。外国人的情感表达方式一般都非常开放，他们喜欢使用特别夸张的肢体语言，像是拥抱甚至亲吻脸颊，但我们中国人受传统思想的影响，感情一般都比较含蓄，见面通常只会握手。因此，只有了解国家间的文化差异，才能更好地使用第二语言进行交流。
三、学习外国文化的目的
英语作为语言是用来传递信息的。同样学英语有的人能够成功地表述自己的意思，有的人却被误解，主要是因为他们对于文化差异的理解程度不同。英语是用来与人交流，表达自己想法与经历的工具，也是向下一代传递信息的工具，从这方面来说，语言也是构成文化的一部分，它反映着我们的文化。[4]
文化差异包括语言差异因素，还有非语言差异因素。Ray等发现，在与外国人交流过程中，非语言交流占了很大的比重。一些国家的人如果不使用手势就无法说话，而有些国家的人却不喜欢在说话时加入手势。说话时加不加入手势取决于他们的文化背景。因此，实际交流中，我们考虑的不仅是怎样更好地使用语言，还要将非语言的文化因素考虑进去。
四、学习外国文化的方法
中国有句古话“兴趣是最好的老师”。要想让学生对外国文化感兴趣，就要从以下几个方面着手。
（一）好莱坞电影及美剧
电影和电视剧提供给学生一个在书本上不能得到的亲眼见证外国文化的机会。通过电视，学生可以更直白更简单地理解外国文化，了解外国信息。同时，外国音乐、CD、图片能够帮助学生全方位地沉浸在第二语言的世界里，通过这些途径他们可以更加方便理解外国文化。
（二）外国文学史
要想了解一个国家，先从这个国家的历史着手。外国文学作品通常都是反映不同时代文化背景下值得纪念并且能够引起读者兴趣的故事。多读一些文学作品，有利于提升对外国文化的兴趣。
（三）教师
教师是一个非常重要的因素。学习第二语言的学生通常拥有两大类教师，英语作为第二语言的教师和英语是其母语的教师。[5]第一类教师能够完全理解学生的难点，在传授给学生英语时还会把自己学习英语的经验也交给学生；而第二类教师——外教，对于学生们来说就是完全的口语训练者，他们锻炼着学生的听说能力，让学生们能够进行实际的交流。
五、结论
外国文化在英语教学中至关重要。不同的国家有不同的体系、道德标准、人生观、信仰等等。因此，在学习英语的过程中，文化教学必须与其紧密结合。教师们必须确定他们所教语言中每一个与文化相关的因素，适时传授给学生们外国文化，提高他们对外国文化的兴趣，方能成功地教会学生英语。
【参考文献】
[1]潘伟华.大学英语教学中的文化因素[J].中国林业教育，2007（4）.
[2]陈莉莉.试析汉英颜色词的社会文化差异[J].外语学院学报，1996（2）.
[3]邢丹.高校英语文化教学浅析[J].重庆广播电视大学学报，2012（24）.
一、优秀传统文化对青年伦理道德教育的积极影響
在对青年学生的伦理道德教育中，中国优秀传统文化是重要的教育资源。
（一）优秀的传统文化是青年学生伦理道德教育的民族根基
中国传统文化的主体是儒家文化，儒家文化就其本质特征而言属于道德文化，注重培养人的道德情感体系。如今，青年学生的价值追求和价值观念呈多元发展，出现了一些道德迷失的现象，因此，青年学生的伦理道德教育工作需要寻求中国传统文化中的优秀文化资源，以此来弘扬中国的传统美德，规范青年学生的伦理道德教育。
（二）优秀的传统文化是青年伦理道德教育的内容源泉
教育的价值取向是历史的、具体的、发展的。传统文化中优秀的教育资源可以作为青年学生伦理道德教育的思想源泉。如，农业社会中“仁学”的内涵，自强不息、厚德载物的做人之道，都可以作为青年学生的道德教育源泉，同时通过提炼、转化，可以将其合理因素渗透到青年学生的伦理道德教育中，进而构建青年学生的伦理道德体系。
二、不符合青年伦理道德教育的传统文化的消极影响
文化作为农业社会的政治附庸，中国传统文化也表现出较强的农业社会特征，传统文化中部分伦理道德内容也趋向于对封建礼法的学习和对个性的消弥。因此，中国的传统文化中有与青年伦理道德教育相一致的内容，如诚信观念、礼让观念、敬老爱幼观念、尊师重道观念、团结友善观念等，也有与社会主义核心价值观相冲突的内容，如以“三纲”“五常”为核心的封建等级观念和以“三从”“四德”为中心的男尊女卑观念等。
在新的历史条件下，青年的伦理道德教育一方面要甄别传统文化中符合现代教育价值取向的教育内容，并赋予其新的时代精神和内涵。另一方面，要甄别不符合社会主义核心价值体系的教育内容，对于传统文化中激进、落后、阻碍当今社会与人发展的糟粕，则应摒弃和改进，以适应当代青年学生的伦理道德
教育。
三、发挥优秀传统文化促进青年学生伦理道德教育的积极作用
中国传统文化具有浓厚的伦理道德色彩，在对青年学生进行道德伦理教育的过程中，要从中国的优秀传统文化中汲取养分，使其成为青年学生伦理道德教育的重要资源。
（一）爱国主义精神的传承
中国传统文化中始终贯穿着一种从国家、民族的整体利益出发，先公后私、重义轻利的思想，并渗透着“尚公”“公忠”的道德思想，表现出为国家、为民族、为整体的利益不息奋斗的崇高的爱国主义精神。这种胸怀天下的情怀也正是青年伦理道德教育的民族根基和思想根源。在伦理道德教育的过程中，教师可以指引青年学生以前人为榜样，培养学生以国家、民族利益为重的爱国主义精神，并从中国的优秀传统文化中吸取营养，树立“先天下之忧而忧、后天下之乐而乐”“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的责任意识和奉献精神，构建爱国家、爱民族、爱人民的道德品质，强化青年学生的爱国主义情怀。
（二）谦虚礼让精神的延续
中华民族是礼仪之邦，中国人自古讲究谦恭礼让，谦虚礼让也成为中国伦理道德的民族特色。“虚己者进德之基”“凡人之所以为人者，礼义也”等，都将谦虚作为自我修养的原动力。面对当代青年学生，可以培养青年学生“孝敬父母、尊重师长”的道德规范，培养其具备良好的道德品质。同时，谦虚礼让是中华民族的优秀道德品质，也是形成和谐社会秩序、文明的社会风气不可缺少的道德规范，面对青年学生，谦虚礼让也可以表现在对待学习、知识技能的态度上，激励青年学生不断追求，不耻下问，克已让人，宽容待人，并以此来践行青年学生伦理道德的行为规范。
（三）诚实守信精神的发扬
中国传统文化中一直将诚实守信作为中华民族的传统美德。“言必信，行必果”，“以诚为本、取信于人”都是中国传统文化的重要思想，也是当代青年学生伦理道德教育、诚信教育的内容。挖掘这一传统文化资源，对于大学生培养良好的道德品质，协调各种人际关系及促进和谐社会建设都有积极的意义。
参考文献：
Key words：Black English; American English; American Culture; Influence
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. The Characteristics of Black English 2
2.1 Phonetics 2
2.2 Grammar 3
3. The Influence on American Culture 7
3.1 The Influence on American English 7
3.2 The Influence on American Art 9
3.3 The Influence on American Literature 11
4. The Practical Significance of Black English 14
5. Conclusion 15
Acknowledgements 16
References 17
1．Introduction
Black English is a social dialect of American English, and it has been historically influenced by West African languages, General Southern American English and English-based creoles.
This kind of English shares several characteristics with the forms of Creole English spoken by people throughout the whole world. In addition, it also has pronunciation, grammatical structures, and vocabulary in common with various West African languages.[1]198 Since a large number of Black people migrate to America and they have the percentage of more than 12%, [2]496the Black English has been popularized in this country. But in the American society, people seldom realize the influence and contribution of Black English and they never give the equal state to Black people. In fact, the language and culture of American reflect the contributions of the Black English in many aspects, such as linguistic, art and literature.
Nowadays, it is reasonably acceptable to say that Black English is not only an independent language but also making practical significance to American English and the American Culture. Researchers need to study the significance in details. So this paper intends to collect the study of the characteristics of Black English, and then summarize its influences on the American English. Since the change of language can lead changes in other aspects, such as Art and Literature aspects, this paper also states the influence in detailed options.
The method of this paper is reviewing the past study and surveys, not just from the linguistic point of view or the historical aspects of Black English, but from its formation and characteristics to demonstrate the existence and development of Black English and the practical significance. Through the analysis of Black English on the profound impact of American culture, the paper advances a view on the value of Black English and its prospects. Finally it puts forward the importance and necessity of enhancing learning and research on Black Culture as the continuous improvement and economic conditions of Black people.
2. The Characteristics of Black English
Black English, as a unique variant of English, has many differences with the Standard English based on the structure of language. And this paper tends to discuss the features of Black English in phonetics and grammar aspects. Since Black English is not just a simplified version of English, it has a unique language system with the same fixed structure as any other dialect all over the world.
2.1 Phonetics
Most Black people use a distinctive English variant. This black dialect has aroused many linguists’ interests. Repeatedly been labeled as “pidgin English”, Black English’s role in the development of American Culture can not be questioned. Black English as a source of Black Culture has always been paid more attention by linguists and sociologists in nowadays.
2.1.1 The Weakened Consonant
Because of the influence of West African, some voiced consonants are the same with their form of voiceless consonant. Word-final devoicing of /b/, /d/, and /g/ are always pronounced to //, //, //, and in most cases these phonemes are ignored. In order to make a difference between them, sometimes the vowel before the voiced consonants could be slightly re-read harder, take the “heat and heed”, “let and led” and “fate and fade” which is ended with the word “e” as examples.
In the syllables which are combined with consonants and vowels, some nasals can also be weakened, such as “sum, sun, sung”, and only the vowel // in the word which is somewhat influenced by the nasal.
2.1.2 The Omission of Consonant Clusters
The simplification of Consonant Clusters is an obvious feature of Black English. The mutes in English are //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //. Black English often omit the mutes in the end of a word, and the word “side”// is always pronounced to “sigh”//. This kind of omission is not arbitrary, and it is decided by the situation of pronouncing a word: when the mute at the end only represents the morpheme is not connected, for example, the frequency of reserving // is higher than integral part of the stem in the word “borrow”. It will also be reserved if there is vowel behind the mute, such as the first “d” in the phrase “tried hard”.
2.1.3 The Pronunciation of // and //
The omission of // is a notable characteristic of Black English. In American, it is a tendency of underclass to omit // before vowels but not only of Black English.[3]297Because of this kind of omission, there is no differences between “guard-god”, “fort-fought” and “sore-saw” in Black English.When // is between two vowels, the syllable after it needn’t be pronounced, as “Paris” could be read as//; when there is a word beginning with vowel behind it, the // could also be regretted.
// is voiceless before the consonant, such as the word “health” always be pronounced to // and so on. However, when // is after the vowel as the end of the word, it is assimilated by the phoneme before it, such as the similar pronunciation with “mail” and “may”//. In addition, // is voiceless before // and //, as “always”//, “already” //. The more interesting thing is that they pronounce “will” to “ah”，for example, “I ah be there in a minute.” While the correct form in Standard English is “I will be there in a minute.”
2.1.4 The Pronunciation of // and //
In Black English, // is always pronounced as // and // is always pronounced as //, for example, “think” is pronounced to be //. While the // in the end of a word is transformed to //, and “mouth” is pronounced to be //, “nothing” is to //. In addition, the “th” in the middle of a word is always pronounced to be //, so “mother” is to //, “other” is to //, and “brother” is to //.
Actually, there are many more characters than mentioned in the paper, but we can recognize the differences of phonetics between Black English and Standard English just from the mentioned examples.
Smith Thurman, a well-known expert in Black English, said that black dialect used same number of English phonemes with white, and the only difference is the distribution pattern of phoneme.[4]553
2.2 Grammar
There are also many researches who have found the special usage in grammar of Black English. For example, the different meanings in the sentences “He workin’” and “He done worked” are hard to be explained by the Standard English. The first means “He is working 253.It also indicates the difference between Simple progressive and emphasized perfective. Not only the tense plays a different role in the grammar, there are many other points such as the relative usage of the word “be”, the negation and transmission of the word.
2.2.1 Tense
Syntax best embodies the characteristics of Black English. In the verb-system, the differences between Black English and Standard English are most significant, which is most similar with pidgin and Creole their ancestors used. In Black English, the only duty of the verb in the sentence is to indicate the time concept of one or a few verbs, and other verbs can be expressed in verb stem. Sometimes when the context gives essential temporal support, the tense can be totally regretted. For example, in the following section of black sermons, the Preacher has made it clear that he is talking about the past, because both the life and devotion of Jesus have already happened: “The man Jesus，he come your sins! He the thieves and here. He die to walk the earth. He you from go among try to Save the unrighteous. The master say whoever will let him come!”
In addition, the singular verb of third person in Present Tense is not ended with “s”, for example, “She work in the factory”.
Black English has two Perfect Tenses: “Remote Perfect aspect” which is constituted by the “been” and “Immediate Perfect aspect” constituted by “done”. At this point, Black English and West African languages is extremely similar. [6]
(i) The “been” in “remote perfect aspect” has a certain meaning of action in past tense. And this kind of perfect tense could be divided into two forms: I been know him(momentary action), I been knowin’-him.(ongoing action).
(ii) “Immediate Perfect aspect” uses the auxiliary verb “done”. In modern Black English, following sentence are commonly used:
① I done go.
② I done went.
③ I done gone.
These three are used in different situations:
① Used in the Immediate Present sentences.
② Used in the Simple Past sentences.
③ Used in the semi adjective structures.
2.2.2 Relative usage of “be”
The usage of“be”in Black English is also very special. If one action, thing or state does not happen frequently, the“be”in this sentence will be deleted. For example, “he in the house -watchin’ TV”. The abbreviation of the copula such as “is” and “are” can also be deleted. In addition, when in a passive sentence the passive voice is not expressed so clearly by the speaker, “be” can also be deleted, for example, “the factory built in 1958”. However if the action happens frequently, “be” can be used as the predicate verb in the sentence“they be out in the yard every night.”
When“be” and“do” work together means this kind of thing happens frequently in the Interrogative sentences and Emphatic sentences. For example, “Do you be playing all day?” (Do they play all day?) “Yeah, the boys do mess around a lot.”(Yeah, the boys do mess around a lot.) Famous linguist William Labov researched a lot in the Black English and concluded that: all the“be”which can appear in the forming of abbreviation can be deleted in Black English. [7]113Actually, the usage of “be”is far more complex than this conclusion which is easily got from the above descriptions.
2.2.3 Negation
There are three different versions of negation in Black English: “ain’t”, “don’” and “dit’n”, which can be written as “ain’t”, “don’t” and “didn’t”. While the special usage of “ain’t” is a feature of Black English. Ain not is a negative form in past tense: I ain’t see. In a sentence, the negation always repeated: I ain’t see nothin’ like that no place. The meaning is equivalent of: I did not see anything like that anywhere. (I’ve never seen this kind of thing in any place.) When the predicate is not active verb, ain’t become the only symbol of negation. For example, I ain’t afraid of nothing. He ain’t gonna get no money out of it. Besides, it can be combined with "ing" and make up the present continuous tense. For example, we ain’t kidding and we ain’t quitting, we ain’t turning back.
The function of “ain’t” in Black English is same with the “haven’t” in Standard English. Therefore the “We haven’t contacted each of her since last Christmas.” can be evolved to “We ain’t contacted each of her since last Christmas.” Sometimes, “ain’t” can replace the phrase “didn’t” in simple negation sentence. So in Black English, sentences can be like following forms: “She ain’t email me yesterday.” The young boy insisted, “I ain’t steal his wallet.” “I ain’t run like that in years.”
Multi-negation means there is not only one symbol of negation. Under this regulation, the pronoun needs to add some mark of negation.
For example: “She ain’t see any thing/ anyone at the railway station” can be changed into “She ain’t see nothing/ nobody at the railway station”. If the subject is “nobody” but not “he” or “Janet”, it will add negative determiner at the beginning of the sentence. This is called “negative inversion” by linguists. As a result, it is very common to hear that “Didn’t nobody say nothing to the peoples!”
3. The Influence on American Culture
An important contribution of Black English is the influence on the American Culture. The familiar “negro spiritual”, the unusual rhythms and the famous performance in movie and literature —all these originated with the slaves. It is said that what is the best and most original in American popular culture has its roots in Black English. Important black speakers, singers, actors and writers are too numerous to list.
3.1 The Influence on American English
He Ruigao expresses his opinion in his article Black English that there are some differences in certain aspects of language between Black English and American English. And he believes that after all, Black English is a variant of English, so the differences are only in some degree rather than fundamental, and do not affect the people’s contacts.
It is clear that there is a strong relationship between Black English and American English, while the distinct characters of Black English are not fully explained and its origins are still a matter of debate. One theory is that Black English arose from one or more slave creoles that arose from the trans-Atlantic African slave trade and the need for African captives to communicate among themselves and with their captors. According to this theory, these captives’ language developed into what are called pidgins, simplified mixture of two or more languages. As pidgins are from closely contact between members of different language communities, the slave trade would have been exactly such a situation. Not until the time of the American Civil War did the language of the slaves become familiar to a large number of educated whites. As the time passes, the Black English gradually plays an important role in the United States and U.S. Culture.
3.1.1 The Forming of Black English
In the slave society, there are so many different languages that the natives on two sides of the river cannot understand each other. But the safest way for them to keep their authority is to trade with the different nations on both sides of the river. The famous writer, Cotton Mather, claimed to have been very familiar with his slaves’ speech, and his imitative writing shows features presented in many Creole languages and even in modern Black English. By the time of the American Revolution, varieties among slave creoles were not quite mutually intelligible.
Not until the time of the American Civil War did the language of the slaves become familiar to a large number of educated whites. In Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870), Thomas Wentworth Higginson detailed many features of his soldiers' language. Shana Poplack has also provided corpus-based evidence from isolated enclaves in Samaná and Nova Scotia lived by descendants of migrations of early Black English-speaking groups. All of these researches suggest that the grammar of early Black English is closer to that of contemporary British dialects than modern urban Black English to current American dialects. We can find that the modern language is a result of divergence from mainstream varieties, rather than the result of creolization from a widespread American creole.
3.1.2 The Relations with the American English
In United States, blacks worked in this land with the identity of slaves and inherited some habits from the African culture and language, and thus gradually formed a black American society with unique culture. While the communication between the black slaves and the slavers became a major hub linking the two cultures, and produced a subtle influence to American English, which mainly reflected in English words borrowed, as well as the meaning of the word twists and turns, and the absorption of idioms. Its pronunciation is, in some respects, common to Southern American English, which is spoken by many African Americans and many non-African Americans in the United States.
There is little regional variation among speakers of Black English.89 In order to understand the United States and American culture, and to acquire its development, Blacks melt their culture, such as language, literature and art, with those of the United States. Later, Black English is not only for Black people, it is still widely used by a number of regional dialects. Even in literature works, authors often use Black English to show the hero's nationality, identity and upbringing.
Not only the phonetics and grammar of Black English prove the influence to American language, but we can also achieve it from the assertion of Black English. For example, “the blacker the berry, the sweeter the juice” means “she is very mature and favorable”. Another example, “you aren’t got a pot to piss in on a window to throw I tout of” means that you are very pool. “If I tell you a hen hip snuff, look under its wing and find a whole box” means that all you said is true. “You never miss yo water till yo well run dry” means that “you will never feel the importance of water until you are very thirst”.[10]6-7 The representative assertion is very lively and meaningful, suggesting the wisdom of the Black English.
3.2 The Influence on American Art
When Blacks live in Africa, they have the hobby to sing and dance during laboring. But then they are later taken away as slaves by the colonists to the southern United States plantation. They work in the fields wearing shackles and live in the primitive hut in the deserted swamp and jungle. But due to this kind of suffering, they create a valuable oral literature including hymns and blues and other Black Art, which has made an outstanding contribution to the culture to the United States.
3.2.1 The Integration with Music
It is generally believed that music of blacks has some distinctive forms from American music like American Ragtime, Blues, Jazz, Musical and Country music. Ragtime was first played by a black Anonymous piano, which was very popular in the late 19th century to early 20th century. It uses segmentation rhythm, trying to evolve from the popular dance music of blacks, and then Ragtime music appears. Scott. Joplin is one of the Ragtime representatives, and his performance of “Maple Leaf pull tone” has been a smash hit, which is so famous that all of the Ragtime pianist would play in their shows.
Blues is from field horn and songs with a strong feeling of African tradition and its tunes are always sad. The most famous Blues singer is Bessie Smith, known as Blues Queen. When Ragtime, Blues and other tunes with rich colors of Africa's influence add together with the elements in Europe, the Jazz comes into being.
With the integration of grammar, the ways people sing a song become various in American. Many young people jump into the swim of “rap” and “hip-hop”, which is considered as a really fashion style to express one song and the soul. While among the most famous masters, more than 90 percent are black people, such as the episode in Prison Break.
The word “rap” meant “blame” in the middle of 18th century and was always used in phrase in the 19th, “to take the rap” meant “to take the blame”. After the civil war, black people used it to blame white people and requested the equality with them. And finally it replaced the word “conversation” to be popular among the white teenagers. There are many simplifications of words in “rap” which become totally different with American English. For example, the “er” in the end of word is changed into “a”, “nigger” into “nigga”.[11]185 Besides, the “ks” or “cks” in the end of a word can be replaced by “x” because they have the same pronunciation. All of these examples prove that it has become a new version of grammar in American English. For example, the “re” or “e” which can’t be heard during a speedy song are always omitted such as “more” and “mo”, “for” and “fo”, or the number “4”. The omission of “g” in “ing” is another new grammar in American English.
Some words also change its pronunciation. For example, in the word “through”, “gh” never being pronounced is know to all, since we pronounce “th” // in stead of // there is no difference in pronunciation with the word “true”.
In the “rap”, the Black English has many distinct characters and its lyrics tend to be more fashion and creative. Most of these new word are very short or the abbreviation of some long words so that even the local Americans can not understand. In order to keep its character of fashion, “rap” uses word on the point of fashion. Therefore, the characteristics of Black English are the foundation of “rap”, which makes it no longer a simple style of music but a diverse style.
3.2.2 The Integration with Film
Film is an integrated form of art, with combination of test technology, art and commerce, and the thought of images it brings to the human mind is revolutionary. Because it's easy to be accepted, the film is destined to be a mass media on hundreds of millions people when it appears. In a short century, Hollywood becomes a symbol of American mass culture, and the influence on American society is immeasurable.
Film expresses and promotes the life style and values of Americans. During the war era, it boosts moral e of the soldiers. While in the Depression era, it could replace the cash of the American dream and reflected the public's ideals and dreams. In this case, blacks also express their dream to achieve the equality in the American society through the film, such as Shaw shank Redemption, the Pursuit of Happiness and Death Pact and so on. Because of the success of these works and the influence on future, some later generations continued to collect and summarize the classic dialogue in these black films, and to commemorate the black culture for future generations to study at the same time.
There are two characteristics of grammar which can be easily found in the black films.First is the invariant of “be”, and second is the multi-negation of“ain’t”.The invariant of“be”is used before verb, adjective, noun and passive voice in Black English.
(i)Your gas bill be high, don’t it? (Your gas bill is usually high, isn’t it?)
(ii) My boss be in his office by 8am. (My boss is usually in his office by 8am.)
(iii)It don’t be dogged. I grease it and oil it. (It isn’t usually dogged, I grease it and oil it.)
Laurel Avenue (1993) is a story about a family’s effort to counter drug, faction and violence in order to achieve the “American Dream”. In the film, when Rashhawn’s uncle blamed on his sailing drug, he said that “What the hell I be giving you money fuh[for ]？” while his word can also be translated to “Do you know why I always give you money ? ”
It is worthy to mention that this kind of grammar in the film is also very popularized by young Latinos. Therefore, the Black English users have crossed the racial boundaries and expanded to the crowd who are favor of hip hop culture.
The multi-negation of “ain’t” can be fully realized in the most influential black filmmaker Spike Lee’s masterpiece Do the Right Thing. The story happened in Brooklyn, New York, and demonstrated an explosion caused by the ethnic problems. There are a large number of unique performances of Black English in the dialogues: “Ain’t no brothers on the wall? I ain’t run like that in years. Don’t call me no bum. Jade don’t come here no more, all right? Don’t call me nothing.”
Although many so-called “not standard”regulations of Black English have been criticized for a long time, its expression is an important means to promote Black Culture of the Hollywood directors and become a beautiful view in American films.
3.3 The Influence on American Literature
In the destiny of black, there must be a clearly visible way, on which they have worked with effort to win dignity and literary. Through their effort, it exhibited such a road as well as those marks in relation to life along the way: once in Black history, unforgettable pain is essential for the experience to the results today. Black Literature, in the United States and the world, has been mainly as slaves, especially in countries outside Africa.
The Black English writer Toni Morrison was born in black family, and later achieved today’s scholars and writer’s identity by reading. In 1993, because of her “making the important part of American society much more vigorously through the rich poetic imagination and expression”, she won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and became the only black women writer in history to be honored.
Not only the Black Literature but also the American Literature has these characters of Black English in their works.
The Sound and the Fury (1929) is written by a famous American writer William Faulkner (1897-1962). The first part, “April 7th, 1928”, describes the conversation and action between the children in the farm waiting for the coming of procession.
“I skeered I going to holler,” T.P said.
“Get on the box and see is they started.”
“They haven’t started because the band hasn’t come yet.” Caddy said.
“They ain’t going t have no band.” Frony said.
“How do you know?” Caddy said.
“I know what I knows,” Frony said.
“You don’t know anything,” Caddy said.
“She went to the tree.”
“Put me up,” Versh.
“Your paw told you to stay out that tree,” Versh said.
“That was a long time ago,” Caddy said,
“I except he’s forgotten about it, besides he said to mind me tonight. Didn’t he say to mind me tonight?”
“I’m not going to mind you, T .P and Frony are not going to either,” Jason said.[12]4
The children in this conversation turn out to be totally different between T.P, Frony, Versh and Caddy, Jason. The dialogue of the first three people has some characters of Black English. For example, “be” in the sentence “I (am) skeered (that) I (am ) going to holler” which is the distinct signal of Black English. On the contrary, the conversation of Candy and Jason do not omit this part as Jason says that “I’m not going to mind you，TP and Frony are not going to either”. And the singular verb of third person even does not have any difference with first person or any one else in the sentence “I know what I knows”. In addition, the mixture of // and // of the word “git” in the sentence “got on the box” is very common in Black English. It turns out that T.P, Frony and Versh are children of black in the farm, while Caddy and Jason are children of the farmer.
On the other hand, many black people like Frederick and William, not only struggle to learn the culture, but also use the pen as a weapon after the flight. They took active part in the abolitionist movement and expressed positive public opinions. Slave owner always treat Black people as the inferior race, so Black people’s ability to carry out literature itself is a powerful evidence of that lie, let alone the rich ideological content in their articles. And all of these proof that Black people is an excellent nation with a historical cultural tradition on the literature and their language also plays an irreplaceable role in the development of American literature.
4. The Practical Significance of Black English
In1863， 2 years before the war ended, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the Confederate states. Shortly after the war ended in 1865, the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution freed all slaves. A few years later, the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments gave the former slaves full civil rights, including giving African-American men the right to vote.[13]77
In politics, more blacks are voting, and more are getting elected. Since 40 years ago, the Black middle-class group has risen from scratch and grown in their standard of living. There are no difference in professional skills and educational background with the white middle class. Outstanding representatives of Black people appear in many areas of the United States, such as the Black mayor, governor, ministers and members of Congress, and all of them are no longer surprise to us. The much more important thing is that Democratic candidate Barack Obama won the U.S. presidential election in 2008 to become the first real chance to win the presidency in the Black.
Blacks are also trying to improve their financial position by going into professions or starting their own business. There are now more than 600,000 black-owned companies in the U.S. and blacks are more numerous than ever in the professions-as teachers, doctors, lawyers, judges and ministers.
In 1952, Ralph Ellison, a black author, wrote a book about blacks in the U.S. called the Invisible Man. Since the 1960s, blacks have become more visible on TV and in movies and magazines. Networks, filmmakers and advertisers now realize that black consumers want to see their race represented. Today, blacks in significant numbers work as newscasters, TV actors and actresses, and movie stars.
Huang Weifeng says in his African American English on a Number of Historical Issues that, “Only when the racism in American society has been completely eradicated from the mind, the Black Cultural expressions of Black English can really be recognized.”81
5. Conclusion
“Black English” is widely used as the name because it is used by Black people. In fact, its user of this language is far beyond our imagination. In addition to the external community in the black population, it is also used by lower middle and low classes in America. It has profound impacts on American culture and communication in various aspects, especially with the continuous improvement of their political, economic and cultural status, and Black English has been paid more and more attention. In view of this, the paper starts to explore the formation and characteristics of its existence and development. It is said that the view of helping people understand the Black Culture correctly, the concept of eliminating the racial discrimination and enhancing the awareness to protect national culture plays an important role to cultural exchanges and cultural diversity.
The above discussion of Black English is by no means comprehensive but it can serve our purpose to improve the regulation and state of Black English. The significance of studying the nature of Black English is really multifaceted. While the most direct one is the significance for lingu istic research. The attitude to the question that whether Black English is a dialect or a language determines the methods of research. This paper argues that Black English is essentially a separate system and its significance to the American Culture. It should be researched as an independent study of language. [17]34
Undoubtedly, the Black English makes Black people more dramatic in the movies. The syntax rules and special vocabulary of Black English, which are incompatible with the mainstream of English, become the foundation of their culture with their bold dance and passive music. Although most black people using Black English live in the southern United States and the countries, those well-educated middle-class blacks also use Black English in some informal gatherings.
With the black music, novels and movies continuously mix into the mainstream of American society, the syntax rules and special vocabulary of Black English begin to be accepted by American English and become parts of the American culture. Because of the worldwide spread of English and increasingly prosperous Black Culture, the Black English will be more widely active in screen as a mature variation of English and an important way to display the diverse culture of the United States.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my tutor, Wu Qing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《论黑人英语对美国文化的影响及其现实意义》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
承诺人（签名）： 徐珊珊
关键词 文化产业类英语人才 建设意义
中图分类号：G642 文献标识码：A DOI：10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2016.02.013
0 引言
世界上越来越多的国家认识到发展文化产业对于增强国家软实力的重要性。要促进我国文化产业发展，除了大胆引进世界优秀成果外，还必须将我国文化产业推向世界。这就需要搭建世界性的文化产业交流平台，实现对我国文化产业的新的文化滋养，提升其国际竞争力。要搭建这一平台就要选择和依靠恰当的语言载体。作为具有世界影响力的一门国际语言，再加上其在中国的广泛普及，英语责无旁贷地成为构建中国文化产业国际交流平台的不二之选。用英语实现中国文化产业的国际表达，将最大限度地增强中国文化产业的世界辐射力和同化力。鉴于此，要切实加强我国文化产业类英语人才建设，其意义十分重大，值得学界仔细梳理与探究。
1 文化产业类英语人才界定
文化产业类英语人才指那些既懂文化产业专业知识技能又能用英语进行相关专业和职业交流的复合型应用型人才。培养此类人才的最终目的是服务于文化产业的发展，掌握文化产业专业知技能和通晓行业规范与习惯是该类人才的首要职业素养，具备英语语言技能是该职业素养在国际舞台得以充分展现的保证。要培养此类人才，绝不可能通过将文化产业专业知识与英语语言技能机械相加而得；跨专业的甚至是跨学科的知识学习和技能训练要求此类人员主体首先在实现知识整合的过程中充分发挥自主创新能力。自发的创新性与强大的整合能力是这类人才最突出的特点。只有兼备文化产业和英语语言两种知识技能又能将两者融会贯通的人员才称得上文化产业类英语人才。
2 切实加强文化产业类英语人才建设的意义
2.1 是适应文化科技化时代人才培养模式的必然趋势
科学技术是第一生产力，科技是文化产业的引擎。对传统文化产业进行技术改造，推进新兴文化产业发展，都要依靠科技进步。科技进步能够不断提升文化产品的创作力、感染力和文化的表现力、传播力、影响力。①党的十强调：“扎实推进社会主义文化强国建设，促进文化和科技融合。”通过运用数字技术、网络技术、信息技术等，提升文化服务水平和服务品质，拓展文化服务空间，增强文化服务效果，推动优秀文化产品数字化、网络化传播。推动更多富有时代气息、民族特色、反映中国文化原创性的文化产品走出国门、走向世界，从而提升我国文化软实力。②实现社会主义文化大发展大繁荣，推进社会主义文化强国建设，要以先进科技手段推进文化内容创新。推进文化与科技的融合，提升中国文化的软实力，是文化科技服务国家发展战略的时代担当。③
《教育部关于推进高等职业教育改革创新引领职业教育科学发展的若干意见》（教职成[2011]12号）中提出：“高等职业教育必须……主动适应区域经济社会发展需要，培养数量充足、结构合理的高端技能型专门人才，在促进就业、改善民生方面以及在全面建设小康社会的历史进程中发挥不可替代的作用。”在文化科技化时代潮流不可逆转的形势下，高等职业教育在人才培养模式上必须适时调整，积极应对。为承担现代文化产业体系建设的时代责任，高职教育必须采取更加有针对性的人才培养模式，建立科学完整的学科体系。坚持创新培养，要培养出既懂文化，又懂市场、懂英语的外向型、创新型、复合型的人才。④为丰富充实文化产业人才的复合性内涵，推进我国文化的国际传播，增强我国文化产业的国际竞争力，文化产业英语人才的培养迫在眉睫，势在必行。
2.2 是提高文化产业人才队伍综合素养的客观要求
要加快发展我国文化产业，必须构建专业的人才队伍，提高其综合素养。国内学界关于文化产业人才队伍的综合素养虽有不同的界定，但概括起来无外乎较好的文化素养、传媒知识、创新能力、市场运作能力及管理能力等。⑤其中文化素养无疑支撑是文化产业的精髓和根本，文化产业人才的文化素养高低则直接影响产业的可持续发展能力。
语言既是文化内容的重要组成部分，又是文化的载体。语言不仅是表达文化的一种重要方式，更是传播文化不可或缺的形式。培养文化产业英语人才，就是要整合人才的文化知识和语言知识，寓文化知识于语言知识学习之中。学习英语语言，在文化层面起码可以达到三个目标。第一，通过展示中英两种文化的异同，使学习者形成文化对比，对英语国家的人们在行为举止、生活方式、价值观念等方面有所认识，从而达到跨文化理解。第二，通过对英语文化现象的阐释，培养学习者的文化意识，增强其对英语文化的敏感性。第三，在上述跨文化理解和文化意识形成的基础上，引导学习者凭借文化知识来解决交流问题，使其掌握适合英语语境的正确交际方式，并能够根据英语语言文化来调整语言输出和输入，即最终形成学习者的文化能力。⑥要成为有国际竞争力的文化产业人才，这样的文化能力显然是必备的素养之一。学习英语语言和文化知识，培养文化产业英语人才，是提高文化产业人才队伍综合素养的内在和客观需要。
2.3 是发展文化产业所需人力资本和能力支持的有力保障
人力资本是体现在劳动者身上的以劳动者的数量和质量表示的资本，劳动者的知识、技术水平、劳动技能的高低不同，决定了人力资本对经济的生产性作用的不同。⑦发展文化产业，形成产业经济，不仅要培养更多的文化产业人才，更重要的是要不断提高其专业水平和质量。相关研究表明，增值人力资本能够大幅度提升我国文化产业增长。加强对文化产业从业人员的教育和再教育，如在岗培训，一方面，可以实现人力资本的增值，另一方面，可以显著提升文化产业的增长。
随着实践的深入，中国与现代世界体系的联系和互动将更加紧密和频繁，中国文化产业市场与世界市场也将进一步融合。这将是中国文化“走出去”，参与国际交流与竞争不可逆转的步伐。一方面，我国文化产业从业人员要迎接外来文化，并在这一过程中学习和借鉴国际文化市场中有利于我国文化产业发展壮大的经验。另一方面，还要推出中国文化，或者在凭借国际经验对中国文化进行改造创新的基础上推出中国文化。迎推之间的这一双向过程都需要合乎国际规范的专业交流。作为一门世界性语言，英语将在大多数场合责无旁贷地充当交流的媒介和工具。就文化产业所需专业人才而言，其所需具备的知识素养将尽可能多地包括国际文化市场的相关内容，如国际惯例、国际法规等，甚至是可供中国文化产业填补的国际缺陷。但是，如果其中缺少相关的英语知识和英语交流的能力，无疑将严重削弱甚至损害职业交流的效果，妨碍我国文化和文化产业走向世界的进程。
因此，加强对文化产业从业人员的细化教育，提高其专业水准和其应对国际融合的工作能力，使相关人力资本保值增值，加强培养文化产业英语人才将是有力保障。
2.4 是实施文化产业专门人才战略的有效途径
文化产业具有多学科、跨领域的特性。因此，要实现其快速持续创新发展，根本上要培养出一批高素质、具有多学科背景的专才，实施文化产业专门人才战略。当然我们应该看到，在文化产业领域，高技术和高文化日益关联融合，这便对文化产业专才的知识和能力结构提出了要求。其中之一便是要能够抓住机遇，多观察学习借鉴国外的成功经验，从而使自己走向世界。⑧加强本土培养人才与国外先进文化产业机构的交流与合作，拓展其国际视野，打造其职业和行业能力的世界级水准。
文化产业英语作为面向职业目的的英语分支，是基础英语与文化产业相关行业结合而成的特色英语。除了基础性，它更多地表现出行业和职业的适用性和实用性，具有行业用语的功能。通过学习文化产业英语，旨在培养既掌握专业知识，又具有职业英语能力的复合型人才。⑨这样的人才不仅能够快速适应文化产业的职业岗位，更能够以英语为媒介而有效融入国外文化与社会经济环境。在我国文化产业不断走出国门寻求世界认同的必然进程中，文化产业英语人才的对外文化传播能力将成为有效宣传、推广我国文化的有力保障和可靠支撑。鉴于此，培养文化产业英语人才可以丰富文化产业人才的综合素养，切实满足文化产业人才的专门用途，是实施文化产业专门人才战略的有效途径。
3 结语
文化产业类英语人才是中国文化软实力持续增长的有力保障，是支撑中国在国际社会和平崛起的重要因素。在我国文化产业经历了“十五”、“十一五”的起步阶段和“十二五”的快速发展阶段之后，终于迎来了“十三五”期间提质升级的攻坚时刻。大数据时代对文化产业的解构、变革与融合要求不断升级的人才支撑与之匹配。培养文化产业类英语专门人才，是顺应中国文化产业可持续发展要求的必然举措，这对于中国文化 “走出去”最终实现铿锵有力的世界交响具有不容忽视的意义。
本文系四川省哲学社会科学研究“十二五”规划2013年度市州课题：文化产业英语人才建设与成都市城市软实力发展的研究（项目编号：SC13D006）阶段性成果
注释
① 王志刚.推动文化与科技融合加强文化科技创新.经济日报，2011-11-27.
② 伍建国.对高职高专人才培养目标涵义的体会.中国高职高专教育网，2011.12.16.
③ 闻科.推进文化与科技融合，开创文化科技工作新局面.艺术百家，2011（1）.
④ 欧阳友权.文化产业人才培养矛盾与对策.第九届中国文化产业新年论坛上的讲话.
⑤ 李后强，邓子强.发展文化产业应该实施资源转化战略.求是理论网，2011.12.19.
⑥ 李红恩.论英语课程的文化品格.西南大学，2012.
⑦ 舒尔茨.论人力资本投资.吴珠华等，译.北京：北京经济学院出版社，1992.
摘 要： John Schumann 于20世纪70年代末创立了文化适应理论。该理论从社会距离和心理距离角度探究了二语习得过程中出现的语言休克和洋泾浜化现象。而之后Anderson又进一步提出二语习得要经历本土化和去本土化的过程，即本土化模式。本文着重阐述文化适应模式以及本土化和去本土化的基本内容，并试图探究中国学生在英语学习过程中出现的语言休克现象及对教学的启示。
关键词： 文化适应；语言休克；本土化和半本土化；教学启示
一、 文化适应理论和本土化模式
文化适应（acculturation）是“对一种新文化的适应过程，是对新文化的思想、信仰和感情系统及其交际系统的理解过程，是学习者与目的语社团的 社会和心理结合” 。早在1978年，社会心理学家Schumann就提出：二语习得是文化适应的一个方面；学习者对目标语社团的适应程度决定了其二语习得的水平。所谓社会距离，“就是学习者作为特定社会群体中的一员与目标语群体接触时所产生的影响因素”（武英杰、张玉双，2010）。而心理距离是指学习者作为个体的情感因素。社会距离和心理距离决定了学习者接触目标语的量以及面对语言输入时的接受程度。
此外，Schumann还从文化适应角度探究了二语习得中的“洋泾浜化现象”。当社会距离和心理距离较大时，学习者就会停留在语言学习的早期阶段，语言也出现洋泾浜化趋势。而Anderson在此基础上，从认知角度提出了“本土化模式”（the Nativization Model）。他将二语习得视作本土化和去本土化的结果，进而形成了本土化模式。
二、 本土化阶段、半本土化阶段中国学生英语学习过程中出现的语言休克现象
根据文化适应理论，社会距离和心理距离决定了学习者接触目标语的量以及面对语言输入时的接受程度，从而深深地影响了二语的习得水平。在目标语环境下习得二语时，社会因素的影响是占主导地位的。心理因素只在社会距离无法确定时才发挥作用。而在外语教育环境下，情况就另当别论了。本文中所指的语言休克主要是指本土化阶段、半本土化阶段中国学生英语学习过程中出现的语言错误。
关于语言错误的探讨并不少见。然而，这些探讨多从语言学和跨文化角度进行分析，却很少从认知角度出发。事实上，“语言并非是独立的自然现象，语言意义与人类的一般认知能力和方式具有密切的关系”（李颖，2013）。正如王文斌转引Humboldt所言，“每一种语言都是民族思维的历史积淀，折射出一个民族观察、感知和理解世界所独具的思维范式”（王文斌，2013）。因此，中英文缘于各自不同的人文历史递演，衍生出殊异的表达方式也就不足为怪了。但是这也成为了中国学生学习英语过程中的一大障碍。根据Anderson的本土化模式，二语习得要首先经历一个本土化的过程。在这一过程中，学习者想方设法使输入的目标语符合“内在规则”（内在的语言知识系统），即不断地通过已掌握的语言知识构建语言假设。在语言学习的早期阶段，内在的语言知识系统主要是在母语思维模式上构建起来的，母语和目标语之间认知和思维模式的相似程度影响了二语的习得水平。这也就从认知角度解释了母语的正迁移和负迁移现象。当相似程度高时就产生正迁移，母语语言系统就有助于二语的习得；反之，当相似程度低时就产生负迁移，母语语言系统就妨碍二语的习得。在中国学生学习英语的本土化和半本土化阶段中所遇到的问题主要分为两大类：思维模式迥异引起的问题和文化背景不同造成的困扰。
1、 思维模式迥异引起的问题
由于不同民族所处的人文地理环境不同，社会历史演变也各异，所以不同民族认识世界的角度和方式也不同。这就造就了各民族思维模式的迥异，而这种差异也进一步体现在语言上。因此各民族描述同一个事物时的表达方式就会有所差异。
汉语思维模式体现了整体性的特点，而英语思维模式则具有分析性的特点。中国人自古就对“现象”有着特殊的兴趣。因此，也就有了“格物致知”一说。对于中国人来说，各种现象不是孤立存在的，而是与周围事物有着密切联系且富于变化的。故而中国人的思维倾向于整体性和辩证性。所谓整体性就是将各个部分联系起来置于一个整体中来考虑问题，因此事物所处的背景和环境不容忽视。汉语就很好地体现了中国人的思维模式。大多数时候，词语、句子和片段无需通过各种连接手段就可以自然地放在整个语篇中。通过各个部分之间以及部分与整体之间的逻辑关系就可以实现行文意义的连贯。这也就是常说的汉语是“意合”语言。与此相反，英语思维模式则更具分析性。古希腊人喜好哲学，乐于探究事物自身的特性及其永恒不变的本质，故而，一元性、分析性思维更加突出。所谓分析性是指将一个完整的对象看作是由各个部分组成的，每个组成部分都有自己的属性、特点。因而，英语中的每个语言元素都可以看作是一个独立的、相对完整的部分，各个部分之间通过连接词等手段标明相互之间的关系，构成了英语“形合”的特点。
2、文化背景不同造成的困扰
除了思维模式迥异引发的一系列问题之外，在英汉语码转换时，中国学生往往也会面临文化背景不同造成的困扰。这些困扰分为两类：其一，“文化空白”；其二，“文化陷阱”。
首先，来看“文化空白”。顾名思义，“文化空白”就是指在一种文化中存在，在另一种文化中却不存在。
其次就是“文化陷阱”。 “文化陷阱”实质上就是一个一个的雷区，所描述的文化现象两种语言中都存在，物，表面看起来是差不多甚至是一样的，但由于文化背景的不同，其内涵可以说是千差万别。如果在学习语言时，仅限于语言表面的对应，那么就很容易踩到“地雷”。 一旦掉入这些 “文化陷阱”，就会导致语言休克。
“红色”在汉语中象征着喜庆、吉祥，那么英语中“see red”和“in the red”是否也象征着喜庆呢？事实上，英语中红色常常代表着血腥、危险、生气和亏损。所以，“see red”是生气、勃然大怒的意思；而“in the red”表明一个公司处于亏损状态。如果想当然地忽视英汉两种语言背后的文化背景，那么英语学习中就会遇到许多语言休克现象。
三、 给中国英语教学的启示
文化适应理论是针对二语习得提出的理论模式，对我国外语教学有一定的启示意义。中国学生学习外语时，必然会经历一个本土化和半本土化的过程。在这一过程中，如果无法有效地缩短心理距离，克服语言休克，中国学生的英语学习就很有可能出现洋泾浜化现象，进而阻碍学生有效地进行跨文化交流和交际。而如何帮助学生调节心理距离，缩短本土化和半本土化的时间，尽快做到去本土化就显得尤为重要。那么如何去本土化呢？Schumann的文化适应理论和Anderson的本土化模式为我国英语教育工作者解决这些问题提供了一些思路。
（一） 心理调适
为了更好地掌握一门外语从而顺畅地进行跨文化交流和交际，必要的心理调适是不可或缺的。根据Schumann的文化适应论，二语习得同文化适应一样，都要受到社会距离和心理距离的制约.但是由于中国英语教学基本上与目标语群体没有直接接触，因此社会距离的影响就微乎其微。看起来问题似乎简单了。教育工作者需要做的就是帮助学生缩短心理距离。根据Schumann所述，从影响心理距离的四个因素着手即可：克服语言和文化休克，选择合适动机，提高语言的自我透性。以往对如何克服语言和文化休克，怎样选择合适动机的研究较多，却对如何提高语言的自我透性谈及较少。
所谓心理调适就上要在宏观上要形成一个整体的概念：语言是一个民族思维的历史积淀。了解到这一点，就不难承认英汉两种语言折射出的是不同民族的社会历史演变和思维方式。因而，在面对英汉两种语言差异时就能理性对待，从而减少困惑、 焦虑和恐惧等语言和文化休克现象。本土化和半本土化中对待英语输入也不会一味地朝着汉语语言系统靠拢，而是尝试着去了解英语语言系统，逐步构建起目标语语言系统，从而达到去本土化的效果。而教育工作者就需帮助英语学习者形成这种意识，在英语学习的初期阶段就向学生传递这样一个概念。
（二） 跨文化知识学习
心理调适让英语学习者找到一种积极良好的心态，就好比磨好了刀，接下来就要“砍柴”了。所谓“砍柴”就是一点一点地积累跨文化知识。跨文化知识至少是应该包括以下几个方面的：
1. 英语语言学知识。语言学知识涉及语言的各种属性、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。从微观的构词法到宏观的社会语言学，语言学知识可以有效地帮助英语学习者构建起英语语言语法规则，形成一整套相辅相成的英语语言系统。
2.英语语言发展史。正如前面所说，每一种语言都带有历史的痕迹，英语亦然。英语语言的历史发展可以分为三个阶段，分别是：古英语（Old English），中世纪英语（Middle English）和现代英语（Modern English）。尽管85%的古英语词汇现在已经不再使用，但一些常用词汇还是保留下来。中世纪英语（11001500）时期，法语一直是英国的官方语言，成为统治阶级用语，而平民百姓说的英语被认为市低等语言。在近四百年时间里，诺曼人给英语带来了近一万的外来词，深深影响了英国人的社会和生活。英语语言在这一时期借用了较多法语中的派生词缀。当然也有一些拉丁语直接进入英语，而且多用于书面语。由于贸易的发展，还有少量的荷兰词语在这时期融入英语中。 现代英语（1500至今）时期词汇拼写开始趋向规范化，标准化，固定化，读音和拼写之间的差距扩大。另外，随着探险、殖民、以及贸易等各方面走向世界化，给现代英语带来一定的冲击。超过50种语言的外来词涌入英语，如阿拉伯语，法语，德语，荷兰语，俄语，希伯来语，西班牙语，汉语，意大利语等。另外，一些外来语仍保留了原来词语的复数形式。还有一些更保留了当时的拼写和发音。
英语语言发展史有关知识的输入使得中国英语学习者更好地理解英语语言的各种现象，譬如大量不符合英语构词法的外来词的输入等等。
3.英语国家社会历史文化。
英语国家社会历史文化涉及对方的政治、历史、社会和文化，有助于英语学习者了解语言背后的故事，对于揣摩语言背后的思维方式是大有裨益的。此外，这类知识的补充对于英汉语言不同的文化内涵以及俗语、谚语的习得是很有好处的。
当然，这些跨文化知识的补充需要视具体情况而定。对于青少年来讲，这些知识可以是循序渐进，即需即学的；而对于年龄较大、思维较成熟的成年人来讲，这些知识的补充可以是集中的、系统的。 （作者单位：山东师范大学外国语学院）
参考文献
[1] Ellis，R.Understanding Second Language Acquisition [M]. Oxford： Oxford University Press，1994.
[2] 李颖.学习者“错误”的认知与思维形态研究[J].外语界，2013.
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关键词：高中英语教学；中国文化；课堂教学效率
【中图分类号】G633.41
一、将中国文化融入高中英语教学中的作用
1.有助于活跃英语课堂氛围，提高学习积极性
英语语言是丰富多彩的，很多英语文章中渗入了国外的文化，所以很多学生在学习英语时会感觉到有一定的障碍，一些学生因为各种原因对英语学习产生了畏惧心理。对外国文化进行深入分析和理解，有助于提升学生学习积极性，同时，在学习外文化的时候融入中国文化，有助于学生进行文化对比，找出各种文化差异，引起其好奇心，不仅能够消除学生心中的畏惧，而且可以活跃课堂氛围，增强学习积极性。
2.有助于促进高中英语教师转变教学模式，优化学习目标
学习过程是在一定状况下借助于学习资料，通过思维构建进行知识获取的过程，在课堂教学中融入中国文化，能够为思维构建提供条件，促进学生对知识的学习和理解，并且也可以体现学生的主体性地位。同时，这也必然要求教师转变教学模式，培养学生自主合作式学习，优化学习目标。
3.有助于培养学生的思维，提高课堂教学效率
学生是在一定思维下进行英语知识学习的，只有培养其良好的思维习惯，才能促进对知识的学习。长期对学生进行文化渗透和灌输，能够让学生从根本上了解我国形势，同时对高中学生进行国外文化和国内文化的对比，有助于培养良好的思维习惯，更好地理解英语教材中的知识，提高课堂教学效率。另外，高中英语教学中的文化教育，是以文化理解为目的、文化意识为桥梁、文化知识为起点的渐进过程，将我国文化融入英语教学中，是培养学生思维习惯的重要要求。
二、将中国文化融入高中英语课堂教学中的方法分析
1.在英语阅读教学中融入中国文化
提高英语教学效率最为主要的方法就是要多阅读，提高阅读能力。因为英语文章大多是立足于外国文化而写的，其中融入了很多外国风俗习惯，这对于我国学生学习有一定的困难，此时，如果能融入我国文化，就有助于学生对这些不同点进行比对，促进记忆和吸收，也助于学生区分各国文化的差异，提高学习效率。
例如，在学习“Healthy eating”这一章节的时候，教师可以通过对中西方文化差异的对比进行知识传授，可以这样讲解“西方人和我国人的吃饭方式不同，西方人主张好吃，但是其吃饭比较简单，一般来说吃饭主要是两个菜，在朋友聚会请客时也不过是用三四个菜，而我国不同，我们请客和西方有很大差别”，接下来让学生进行理解和思考，最终明白各国文化的差异导致生活习惯的差异。这样在阅读教材内容的时候，学生可以避开中西方文化的差异，促进对知识点的理解，能够交际得体。
2.在教材内容讲解中融入中国文化
在英语教学中，课文是学生学习英语知识和语言文化的重要渠道，高中英语教师可以充分利用英语文章进行文化融合，促进学生吸收和理解。
例如，在讲解“my father”这一章节的时候，教师可以先针对文章内容进行知识讲解，然后找出中国和西方的文化差异，激发学生学习的积极性。可以这样渗入文化：首先分析美国父亲和中国父亲的不同，美国父亲的地位比较轻视，其重要性往往容易被忽视，没有母亲的地位高，而我国父亲往往是默默付出的，家庭中的重要人物，其地位与母亲相等。让学生了解西方父亲和中国父亲的区别之后再引入案例。例如学生们都学习过《背影》这一课文，这篇课文中的父亲形象在我国文化中是一个典型的代表，教师可以对这篇文章中父亲的角色进行分析，有助于引导学生学习我国文化，同时也有助于促进学生用英语语言表达我国比较著名的文学作品，提高英语学习效率。
3.通过词汇融入我国文化，提高记忆能力
词汇是英语学习的基础，也是最能承载文化信息的物质，通过词汇融入中国文化，是高中英语教学中一项重要的任务，也是融入中国文化最好的方法。在讲解某一个词汇的时候，教师可以结合词汇联想中国文化，引导学习。
三、在高中英语教学中融入中国文化的注意事项
1.要遵守适度性原则
中国文化博大精深，教师在进行知识讲解的时候可以穿插着进行文化讲解，根据实际情况决定讲授哪个方面的中国文化，在讲解的时候要注意适度性原则，切不可一味地讲解，把英语课堂作为文化讲堂，这样容易失去主体，引起学生厌倦。另外，在上课之前教师要做好课前准备，多讲授一些具有典型代表性的案例，做好精心的安排和准备，在学生了解我国文化的同时，牢固学习英语课堂知识。
2.在坚持文化平等的条件下注重培养学生的跨文化意识
世界各个地区的文化都是不同的，教师要培养学生学习国外文化的兴趣，同时也要让学生明白各个地区文化都是平等的，没有哪一个民族的文化高于其他民族文化。教师在讲解的过程中，不可偏重倾向于哪一个民族文化，不可带有个人感彩。要培养学生对各区域文化的尊重、平等的意识，让学生明白自己承担着传播我国文化的使命，让学生通过自己的思维，主动传播我国文化，尊重我国文化。
四、结束语
新时期，我国经济快速发展，世界各国文化也在不断融合，发展跨文化交际能力、减小文化差距已经成为目前社会发展的需求。在高中英语课堂教学中，引入中国文化，能够让学生更好地学习英语知识，同时也有助于促进学生对我国文化的理解和吸收，提高学习效率。另外，高中英语教师首先自己要做好文化的传播者，在课堂时间允许的条件下适当引入我国文化，这样才能培养文化底蕴深厚的中学生。
参考文献
[1]刘学政.社会外语需求与外语文化的变革[J].国外外语教学.2001
