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妇科医生论文赏析八篇

发布时间:2023-03-22 17:38:15

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妇科医生论文

第1篇

论文摘要:随着教育事业发展,图书馆工作核心已逐渐从为读者服务到主动引导读者获取适当的知识。图书馆的日常运作已不能满足新功能发展的需要,项目管理把人力、财力、物力进行集中,具有目标性强、效率高、操作性强等特点,以项目管理的方式既能维持图书馆传统功能,又能更好地开拓图书馆新功能。 

    循规蹈矩的管理方式可以为人们提供一个长期有效的环境,然而随着社会、信息技术的发展,组织环境不断地发生变化,基于项目的组织越来越普遍,基于项目的管理也逐渐成为新一代的通用管理模式。图书馆事业的发展正面临着许多改变、机遇、挑战,把项目管理的一些概念和方法引用到图书馆管理中,可以使图书馆提高管理效率和排除一些管理中的障碍。 

1、项目管理的基本概念 

1. 1项目的定义 

    项目是一种努力(endeavor),它以一种新的方式将人力、财力和物资进行组织,完成由独特范围定义的工作,使工作结果符合特定的规格要求,同时满足时间和成本的约束条件。项目具有定量和定性的目标,实现项目目标就是能够实现有利的变化。 

1.2项目管理的特质 

    以目标为导向的管理思路;管理方法具有普遍意义,可应用于各个行业:管理过程模块化,具有可“重复”应用的性质,易于移植;系统的管理方法有一定的标准体系。 

1. 3项目管理的优势 

    有助于实现组织的战略目标:规范的管理方法,降低组织的管理成本;利于组织人才的培养及提升企业的凝聚力;明确的管理过程,使管理结构更加扁平化,提高管理效率。 

1. 4项目管理的过程 

    项目管理是一个一次性的、渐进的、系统的过程,它主要分为:(1)启动过程;(2)计划过程;(3)执行过程;(4)控制过程;(5)结束过程。 

2、图书馆开展项目管理的必要性 

    一个组织之所以做项目,是因为在实施计划的过程中,一段时间后,发展的方向会逐渐偏离目标。如果图书馆的目标是更好地为读者服务,进一步的是引导读者获取相应的信息,在实际的工作中,往往不能满足读者的要求,不能履行引导读者获取信息的功能或一些矛盾,如采用项目管理的方式,会使计划落差缩小,如图1。 

    在图书馆的管理中,往往缺少计划和目标,都是一些日常的管理。这些不利于图书馆与社会发展接轨与创新。虽然图书馆不是以经济利益为目标,但以项目的方式开展一些工作,必定会使图书馆的发展有所创新和得以持续性发展。 

3、图书馆的一些功能满足项目管理的特质 

3. 1研究生撰写论文进行专题服务 

    图书馆应为研究生提供足够的信息检索点,编制各种专题目录,提供最新期刊信息通报、索引、文摘等二次文献以及提供专题综述、图书评述等三次文献,建立学位论文数据库等。每年研究生论文撰写有高峰期,研究的具体方向也不同,有新增的专业,有国内国际新的研究成果,都需要一个专门的项目管理团队来完成。其目标就是更好地服务于研究生,创造质量更高的研究生论文,提高学校教学质量。 

3. 2科研项目提供重点服务 

    每个科研项目都有一定的截止日期,各个方向的不同都需要专业的人士提供信息,项目管理运用在各个方向科研项目中,提高质量与速度。 

3. 3图书馆特色数据库的建设 

    图书馆数据库的开发,往往有一定的周期性,开展起来需要一定的经费和资源。按照项目管理的模式,可对成本进行估算、控制、管理现金流等。 

3. 4图书馆组织的各种学生活动 

    例如每年的讲座等都可以由项目的形式展开。 

3. 5图书馆人才培养等管理工作 

    在图书馆所有日常管理中,图书馆的人才培养是最适合开展项目的。图书馆一直存在吸收高级人才难的问题,对图书馆现有人才进行培养,可为图书馆的发展提供人才。图书馆人才培养可按年为时间单位,开展不同内容和不同层次的培训,对培训的结果还可进行考核和评估。 

4、项目管理方式开展图书馆工作的步骤 

4. 1项目规划与计划 

    首先要组建团队,团队的成员必须了解获取图书馆信息途径,和一定的专业背景和协调能力;其次是计划为服务对象开展哪些服务,为研究生和教职工撰写论文提供服务,内容可有以下几个方面:(1)咨询服务,为服务对象提供面对面服务,包括介绍、指导服务对象研究方向的馆藏资源等;(2)整理、编写相关专业的二次文献,最新研究动向等;(3)与采购部门联系引进服务对象需要的资源;(4)开展论文写作讲座或交流等活动;(5)建设与学校专业相关的特色论文数据库;(6)帮助服务对象进行科技查新工作;(7)对一些服务进行合理收费工作;(8)在馆内设立研究生论文撰写教室,配备相关计算机等资源,为学生与指导教师提供交流的平台等。 

4. 2项目组织形成 

    由于项目的一次性与独特性的特点,在决定一个项目以后,就需要根据这一项目的具体情况,建立项目的管理班子,负责项目的实施、费用控制、时间控制和质量控制,按项目的目标去实现项目。按照组织结构的基本原理和模式,项目的组织结构也可分为线性的项目组织结构、职能的项目组织结构和矩阵的项目结构等若干形式。项目管理组织的结构实质上决定了项目管理班子实施项目获取所需资源的可能方法与相应的权力,不同的项目组织结构对项目的实施会产生不同的影响。由于图书馆开展的项目相对比较单纯,也不是以纯粹的经济利益为目的,可采取线形和职能相结合的形式,见图2。 

4. 3项目实施及控制 

4. 3. 1对项目进行资源分配 

   每个组织的人力资源配置都有一定的限额。当图书馆开展项目的时候,不可能专门配置项目人员。对资源的分配要避免“按人员分配工作还是按工作分配人员”的风险。以为研究生、教职工撰写论文及开展课题提供服务为例。见图2,项目组长直接向馆长负责,主要由组长服务对象,由组织成员收集信息、整理信息及一些服务服务对象的工作。组织成员可由各部门的人员参加,如采编,信息,流通等部门,组织成员最好具有外语、计算机及其他专业知识背景、对本部门工作熟悉,便于开展工作,由项目组长协调工作。 

4.3. 2实施计划 

    实施计划的过程主要包括:对将进行的活动进行计划安排,包括估算工作内容和工期,在工作范围内对活动进行日程安排等:对工作授权;描述活动的日程安排和描述时间进度。以为研究生、教职工撰写论文及开展课题提供服务为例,项目组成后,在实施的过程中由项目组长对工作进行安排,定义团队,组织工作人员进行工作。 

4. 3. 3分配工作 

    当工作即将开展时,要明确每个项目成员的工作职责、范围及时间等。以为研究生和教职工撰写论文提供服务为例,分配工作包括:项目组长开展讲座等活动、负责内部协调、拟订研究方向、收集资料、科技查新及服务等工作,项目成员按照项目组长的要求,分别负责收集资料,制作数据库,向项目组长提供信息、服务等工作。 

4. 3. 4有效控制 

    当项目被运行,我们必须确保它能取得预期的效果,以为研究生、教职工撰写论文及开展课题提供服务为例,项目的运行是更好地服务于服务对象,从而提高论文的数量与质量。在项目的开展过程中,肯定会出现一些矛盾和困难使服务对象不能获取相应的最新的信息或使服务对象不愿意接受服务。如果出现这样大的偏差就采取纠正措施,这种结构化的方法就是控制,控制过程包含以下4个关键步骤:(1)指定计划并估算执行情况;(2)检测并报告结果;(3)将报告结果与计划进行对比,并预计未来结果;(4)计划并采取有效行动来修复原订计划,或者将偏差减少到最小,见图3。 

第2篇

凌晨四点守在电话旁等待喜讯。这显然不会是奥利弗・哈特第一次这样做了。

无论是作为学者还是师长,奥利弗・哈特都无愧大家称号。诺贝尔经济学奖对他的褒奖,或许只是一份迟来的认可。 子不承父业

招牌的露齿微笑,严苛的治学态度。哈特在同行与学生的眼中是一名良师益友。探寻其未来的功成名就,早期良好的家庭教育显然非常重要。

哈特出身名门望族,祖辈Samuel Montagu是一位银行家和政治家,曾担任多年的英国众议院议员,并被授予贵族爵位。哈特教授的父亲Philip D'Arcy Hart则是英国知名的内科医学家,在治疗肺结核方面贡献突出,以106岁的高寿辞世。其母亲Ruth Meyer是一位妇科医生。

与经商的家族企业不同,知识分子的家族传承通常不会要求家族后代必须从事某一项工作,而是秉承家族的一贯精神。因此从小对数学感兴趣的哈特,并未遵循祖辈与父辈的足迹,去涉足政治或是医疗行业。

这一传统在哈特家族仍在延续。他的两个儿子Daniel和Benjamin都不在经济学界。哈特的妻子说,孩子们应该选择自己喜欢的事业。哈特教授醉心于经济学研究,她可不希望一家人在一起只能讨论经济学。

1969年,哈特从英国剑桥大学国王学院毕业,并获得了数学学士学位,这也为他日后成为一名理论派经济学家奠定了扎实的基础。在读大学时,哈特开始对经济学产生了兴趣,于是转攻经济学,并于1972年在英国华威大学获得经济学硕士学位。 年少成名

众所周知,诺贝尔经济学奖得主基本上都被理论经济学家所承包,而从数学专业转投经济学的经济学家更是不在少数。

随后,哈特来到了执经济学研究牛耳的美国,而彼时正值资本主义黄金发展的窗口期,经济学也迎来了百家争鸣的繁荣格局。风险决策理论、博弈论、信息经济学和企业理论等微观经济学新分支,如雨后春笋般不断涌现。这些理论研究学派的大本营之一普林斯顿大学,成为了哈特向往的新目标。

于是,1972年哈特越过大西洋,来到美国普林斯顿大学求学,并于两年后获得经济学博士学位。

博士毕业后,哈特荣归故里,并在艾塞克斯大学担任讲师。对于学院派经济学家而言,博士毕业后的几年是一个人决定其学术地位的关键时期。年轻的哈特博士在毕业后的三年内,在国际顶级期刊杂志上先后发表了六篇关于不完全市场和金融市场均衡的优秀论文,在学术界初露峥嵘。

随后哈特的身价水涨船高,并且受聘于剑桥大学丘吉尔学院。在之后的六年中,他继续研究金融市场上的接管问题,并涉猎垄断竞争理论。

由于哈特在学术界的高质高产,年仅31岁的他当选为世界计量经济学会院士。而后,他还被伦敦经济学院直接聘为正教授,跳过了副教授。1984年,哈特作为访问学者来到了麻省理工学院,随后正式定居美国,并入驻麻省理工学院经济系担任教授。

经过几年的纵横捭阖,哈特与其学术生涯最为重要的搭档格罗斯曼合作的《所有权的成本与收益》一文发表。不多久,与莫尔合作的《产权与企业的本质》也问世。

两篇论文从不完全契约的角度,分析了企业产权的新框架。奠定了其在不完全契约理论和企业的产权理论的领军者地位。

也正是因为其在不完全契约理论方面的奠基性贡献,哈特始终被视为近几年诺奖经济学奖的热门人选。

而他本人也对此报以厚望,这也无怪乎今年诺奖致电通知他时,哈特表示:“这么晚还没打电话,我以为今年我又错过了呢”。 不完全契约的启示

简2007年诺奖得主埃里克・马斯金并不十分认可哈特关于不完全契约的论述。他认为如果合同是不完备的,那么事先总能设计一个机制,能够控制事后的争议。

这一质疑正是哈特所研究理论的精髓所在。哈特认为,设计再完备,现实中的争议终究难以避免。哈特曾表示,丰富理论经验一定要看律师的判案,一旦你研究过法律案例,就会发现任何的合同都是有争议的。

曾经师从哈特的人民大学经济学院教授聂辉华介绍,契约理论就是将所有交易和制度都看作是一种契约(合同),在考虑信息不对称的情况下,设计最优的契约来减少道德风险、逆向选择和敲竹杠等问题,提高社会总福利。

例如,婚姻就是男女双方之间的一种契约,这个契约隐性地假定双方都要承担家庭的义务,要对彼此忠贞,要共同抚养孩子。但是,事前双方不可能想到婚后所有的情况,比如一旦发生财产纠纷怎么办?一旦决策有分歧怎么办?这些事情法律不会管得很具体,但是婚前双方也没法商量好,这就出现了不完全契约。

聂辉华介绍,根据哈特的理论,一旦契约不完全了,事后的控制权应该配置给对投资或总产出重要的一方,或者简单地说权力应该安排给重要的一方。

因此,如果妻子对家庭收入的贡献更大,那么一旦发生经济决策方面的分歧,妻子拥有优先决定权。这保证了妻子有更大的激励去增加收入,因为她知道自己的付出和控制权是匹配的,这就是所谓的激励相容原理。

“如果双方的利益是冲突的,那么就必须优先保证对总收入更重要的一方的利益,然后这一方可以对另一方进行补偿,从而实现总收入最大化。”聂辉华说。

第3篇

At the beginning of 2015, Singer Yao Beina who was called “the beautiful voice of China” died of breast cancer. Among the sorry sound, the horrible words breast cancer came into the public eye again. How to effectively treat breast cancer is concerned and cared by more and more people and becomes a major issue of public health now. The pass away of Yao Beina struck a wake-up call for all the females, especially those “iron ladies” who are too busy to look after themselves, that they should slow down their steps and change unhealthy lifestyle to care their breasts and avoid horrible cancer.

2015年伊始,有着“中国好声音”之称的歌手姚贝娜因乳腺癌复发离开人世。在一片哀叹惋惜声中,乳腺癌这个可怕的名词也随之再次进入公众视线,如何对乳腺癌进行有效防治受到越来越多人的关心与重视,成为当前社会的重大公共卫生问题。姚贝娜的去世,给广大女性敲响了一记警钟,尤其提醒那些忙碌于事业无暇顾及自身的“女强人”们,更应当放慢脚步,改变不好的生活方式,呵护自己的,远离可怕的癌症。

How far is breast cancer away from us?

乳腺癌离我们有多远?

When heard breast cancer, maybe someone think it is just one of the cancers that will not come upon it easily. So they just keep on busy doing jobs and when heard stars died of breast cancer, they would stop say “what a pity” and continue to focus on the “unfinished business”. In fact, breast cancer is the most frequent cancer for females in the world and 99% of it happens to women and just 1% for men. According to the statistics of WHO, there were 1.7 million females diagnosed with breast cancer in 2012 and more than 520,000 died of it. In recent decades, the morbidity of breast cancer is increasing, at usual, it is faster in rich countries than in poor countries. At the same time, breast cancer also has a relatively high death rate among women that one of eight cancer death cases is breast cancer. The statistics of WHO shows that, since 2008, the breast cancer case is increasing over 20% annually and that of its death rate is 14%.

The morbidity of breast cancer is varied worldwide and the age standardized incidence can reach 0.0994% in North America. It is lower in East Europe, South America, South Africa and West Asia, but it is increasing too. The lowest morbidity is in most African countries. But in low-income and mid-income countries, since the extension of life expectancy, aggravation of urbanization and the adoption of western lifestyle, the breast cancer morbidity keeps increasing in past several years. And due to the lack of proper diagnose and treatment facilities in underdeveloped countries, the survival rate of breast cancer patients is relatively low. Like in 2008, the survival rate of breast cancer patients in low-income countries was less than 40%, while that in North America, Sweden and Japan was 80% or even higher.

谈起乳腺癌,也许有人认为那不过是众多癌症中的一种,不会轻易降临到自己身上,于是继续忙工作、忙生活,倘若偶然听到患乳腺癌的明星去世,停下来说一句“好可惜”,转而又开始匆匆忙忙专注于那些“还未完成的事业”。其实乳腺癌是全世界妇女最常见的癌症,乳腺癌中99%发生在女性身上,男性仅占1%。据世界卫生组织的数据显示,乳腺癌占所有妇女癌症的16%。据统计,2012年全球有170万妇女被诊断患有乳腺癌,超过52万人因罹患乳腺癌而死亡。近几十年来,乳腺癌的发病率呈上升趋势,通常情况下,在富裕国家比贫穷国家上升得更快。同时,乳腺癌也是妇女死亡率较高的癌症,每8例癌症死亡病例中就有一例为乳腺癌。世界卫生组织的数据显示,自2008年起,全球每年乳腺癌病例以超过20%的速度增长,而死亡率每年增长14%。

在全球范围内,乳腺癌的发病率相差很大,年龄标化发病率在北美洲能达到0.0994%。而东欧、南美洲、非洲南部和西亚的发病率略低,却也在增长。最低的发病率出现在多数非洲国家。但在低收入和中等收入国家,由于期望寿命的延长、城市化的加剧以及对西方生活方式的采用,乳腺癌的发病率在过去若干年以来一直不断上升。并且由于不发达国家缺少适当的诊断和治疗设施,这些国家中乳腺癌患者的存活率也相对较低。如2008年低收入国家乳腺癌患者存活率仅有40%以下,而北美、瑞典和日本等发达国家存活率可高达80%甚至以上。

Take China as an example, the China’s Breast Cancer Status Report in the recent authoritative medical journal the Lancet’s tumor special said that, in every 100 new diagnosed breast cancer cases, there are 12 from China, the new morbidity growth rate of which is twice of that of the world and the average onset age is 10-15 years earlier than that of western countries. Shao Zhimin, director of breast surgery of Tumor Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, said that, breast cancer is of the highest morbidity of females in China and is increasing in these years with a younger trend. It is estimated that, till 2030, the breast cancer cases in China will reach 234,000, 31.15% more than that in 2008.

When seeing this numbers, do you still feel breast cancer is far away from you? Maybe when thinking back, in our life, we always hear the news of breast cancer of famous people or relatives or friends. The importance of breast to women goes without saying. The unfortunate women with breast cancer will not only face the hurts and damage physically, but also the mental misery after the removal of breast, even in some extreme situation C the spread of cancer cells and the loss of precious life. Although the morbidity of breast cancer is high and not timely treatment will bring serious result, we need not to “be panic when talking about it”. As long as it can be found at the early stage and diagnosed and treated in a proper way, it has relatively high cure rate.

以中国为例,在近期的权威医学期刊《柳叶刀》的肿瘤特刊上,《中国乳腺癌现状报告》显示,全球每100个新确诊的乳癌病例中,有12个来自中国,新发病率增长速度是世界平均水平的2倍,平均发病年龄比西方国家早10-15年。上海复旦大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科主任邵志敏表示,乳腺癌是中国女性发病率最高的癌症类型,其发病率在近几年呈逐年递增之势,且年轻化趋势显著。预计到2030年,中国女性乳腺癌发病数将达23.4万例,比2008年上升31.15%。

看到这一串数据,你是否还会觉得乳腺癌离你很遥远?或许可以回想一下,在我们的生活中,似乎总能听到周遭名人或者身边亲戚朋友患乳腺癌的案例。对于女性的重要性是不言而喻的,不幸得了乳腺癌的女性不仅将面对身体上的疼痛和摧残,有的还将面临由手术切除之后带来的心理伤害,甚至出现更极端的情况――癌细胞扩散转移,最终失去宝贵的生命。虽然乳腺癌的发病率较高,不及时治疗会造成严重的后果,但也不需要“谈之色变”,只要能够及时在早期发现,并作出适当的诊断和治疗,乳腺癌还是会有着较高的治愈率。

The mystery of breast cancer

乳腺癌之谜

The death of Yao Beina makes people regret the impermanence of life. Famous people like Chen Xiaoxu, Li Yuanyuan, Yefan, A Sang…are all died of it in a young age. Besides, Chinese and foreign stars like Cai Qin, Wang Mingquan, the former first lady of America Nancy Regan, Shirley Temple and Kylie Minogue were all doomed to have this disease. But they survived the struggle with the cancer, defeated it and continued the glorious life. Of course, there are thousands of ordinary people, who suffered imaginable pains because of breast cancer.

When talking about the reason of the disease, it is still a mystery. But like other related cases, breast cancer has its “preference”. Women that have family genetic history, long time smoke and drink, eat high fat diet, never do sports, are of long-term pressure, are in polluted areas or contact with hormones are easy to be targeted. For genetic inheritance, scientists found that, the variation of susceptibility gene BRCA1and BRCA2 would largely increase the risk of women to have breast cancer, but only less than 10% patients have this gene. The morbidity rate of breast cancer in Southeast Asia and African countries is 5 times lower than that in developed countries, which makes people to guess if the lifestyle of women in developed countries let them be easier to get breast cancer. Dr. Tim Key, epidemiologists and cancer experts of Oxford University said that, “we cannot say some groups are immune for this disease genetically, because, if people move from poor countries to rich countries, after one or two generations, the morbidity of them would be the same as that of western people. This is related to lifestyle.”

姚贝娜的离开让人感慨生命的无常,回顾一下那些患过乳腺癌的名人,演员陈晓旭、李媛媛,歌手叶凡、阿桑……都因乳腺癌而香消玉殒。此外还有蔡琴、汪明荃、美国前第一夫人南希・里根,美国演员秀兰・邓波儿,歌手凯莉・米洛等中外明星,也都难逃厄运。但她们在与病痛的斗争中坚持了下来,战胜了乳腺癌,延续了生命的光彩。当然还有千千万万的普通人,也曾因乳腺癌承受着我们难以想象的折磨。

说起乳腺癌的病因,目前仍是一个谜。但是,和其他相关病例一样,乳腺癌也有格外“青睐”的人群。有家族遗传史,长期吸烟饮酒、高脂饮食、疏于运动、长期压力过大及处于污染生活环境中和长期接触激素的女性,都更容易中招。针对基因遗传,科学家发现,乳腺癌易感基因BRCA1和BRCA2的变异确实会大大增加女性患乳腺癌的风险,但仅有不到10%的乳腺癌患者携带遗传性突变基因。一些东南亚国家和非洲国家的乳腺癌发病率比发达国家要低五倍,让人不禁要猜想是否发达国家女性的生活方式使他们更有可能患乳腺癌?牛津大学流行病学家和癌症专家Tim Key博士说:“不能说有哪些人群从基因上就对该病免疫,因为我们知道,如果人们从穷国移居富国,一两代人之后,他们的发病率就和西方人一样了。这和人们的生活方式有关。”

Then, how “lifestyle” affects the high morbidity of breast cancer? Studies show that, obesity and alcohol consumption are related to breast cancer. Dr. Key said, “the level of estrogen (hormone) in the blood of fat women is higher since fat cells to produce estrogen.” Estrogen will stimulate the growth of breast cancer tumor. Alcohol also is related to the increase of hormone in blood and maybe leads to the rise of risks of having breast cancer. Besides, birth condition all leads to the difference in breast cancer risks worldwide. Such as in some places of Africa, the morbidity is low because women there give birth to children in a very young age and do breast feeding, which lower down the estrogen level as well as the risks of getting breast cancer. What’s more, Dr.Philip Landrigan in New York Mount Sinai Medical Center, said that, the more the menstrual cycles, the higher risk of the breast cancer. Women of early puberty and late pregnancy have more menstrual cycles. Hormone Replacement Therapy and oral contraceptive are resource of estrogen and proved to be the dangerous elements for breast cancer, and many chemicals are proved to add the risks of getting cancer.

那么,“生活方式”是如何影响乳腺癌的高发病率的呢。有研究表明,肥胖和饮酒与乳腺癌有关。Key博士说:“肥胖妇女血液中荷尔蒙雌激素的含量更高,因为脂肪细胞会产生雌激素。”而雌激素会刺激大部分乳腺癌肿瘤的生长。酒精也与血液中荷尔蒙含量升高有关,可能就是由于这个原因饮酒也会增加女性患乳腺癌的风险。另外,生育状况也造成全球乳腺癌风险方面的巨大差异。如非洲一些地方乳腺癌发病率低,因为当地女性较早生育孩子,并且对孩子进行母乳喂养,这样就降低了女性雌激素水平,从而降低患乳腺癌的风险。此外,纽约西奈山医疗中心的Philip Landrigan博士认为,女性一生经历的月经周期越多,患乳腺癌的风险就越大,过早进入青春期的女性和过晚怀孕的女性经历的月经周期会越多。据悉,荷尔蒙替代疗法和口服避孕药都是雌激素来源,而且均有研究证明是患乳腺癌的危险因素,许多化学品也在实验中被证明会增加人类的致癌风险。

“Iron ladies” have higher risk of breast cancer

“女强人”患乳腺癌风险更高

Besides the above factors for cancer risk, irregular work and rest and depressed mind that cannot be sent out are more influential. Straif, researcher of International Agency for Research on Cancer said, “it is more conclusive of the evidence for reverse shift work day and night leading cancer than chemicals.” He also said, the shift work that lead to destruction of normal sleep habits is listed in the “2 A kind of carcinogen the International Agency for Research on Cancer”, which means it may bring cancer to human beings. Recently published paper further supports a causal relationship between the two. Straif said, “the shift work is frequent in modern society, which is a dangerous elements for the whole group of human beings.” Besides, too much mental pressure, anxiety, less counseling and longtime depression will lead endocrine disorders that may cause breast cancer. Israel scientist Peled’s report on Biomedicine said, he and his colleagues compared 255 breast cancer patients and 367 healthy women of the same age, and they all less than 45 years old. They found that, young women facing with kinds of pressures will have 62% higher risk of getting the disease.

When we looking back the women are or were of breast cancer, maybe can find something in common from the above famous people with same painful experience. No matter the former first lady Nancy Regan or just passed away Yao Beina, they both suited for the definition of “iron lady”. It is not refer to those women with tough looks, but those talented and smart ones, which is a title for women focusing on careers and also achieving success.

除了以上致癌的因素外,对乳腺癌影响更大的是不规律的作息和无法排遣的压抑情绪。国际癌症研究机构的研究员Straif说:“有关昼夜颠倒的倒班工作造成乳腺癌的证据比化学品引起乳腺癌的证据更为确凿。”他还补充说,导致正常睡眠习惯被破坏的倒班工作目前被列为“国际癌症研究机构2A类致癌物”,也就是说对人类很有可能有致癌性。最近发表的论文进一步支持两者之间存在因果关系。Straif说:“考虑到现代社会中倒班工作很常见,这可能对整个人群而言都属于危险因素。”另外,精神压力过大、焦虑,又没有及时疏导,长期精神抑郁,导致内分泌功能紊乱也容易招来乳腺癌。以色列科学家佩莱德在网络杂志《生物医学》上报告说,他和同事将255名乳腺癌患者与367名同龄健康女性进行了对比研究,他们的年龄均小于45岁。研究人员发现,面临种种压力的年轻女性患乳腺癌的风险会增加62%。

反观一下那些患有或患过乳腺癌的女性,或许如前所列的有过相同痛苦经历的名人身上,我们多少能找到一些共性。不论是前第一夫人南希・里根还是刚刚去世的姚贝娜,她们基本都符合我们所说的“女强人”定义。“女强人”不一定是外表看上去很强悍的女人,但指的是才能出众,精明干练的女性,也是对专注事业并获得成就的女性的一种称呼。

This kind of “iron lady” can develop to urban women in daily life. They always have strict high standards for themselves or even overcritical. They all wants progress in career and feel too much pressure or depressed due to some obstacles. Besides mental pressure, in their life, they would neglect themselves due to the desperate pursuit of career. Like they are too busy to have meal on time, or even don’t have meal and sometimes eat and drink too much; more and more females often stay very late at night due to work or “era disease”; many white-collar female workers have no time to do sports and the time they sit in front of the desk is more than that of their sleep; when feel too much pressure or have to do social engagement, they would smoke or drink; their over pursuit of external beauty makes them use excessive hormone cosmetics that their skin are stimulated for a long time and leads to hormonal disorders; since not will to delay the development of career, late marriage and child birth are the choice of many career-first woman…so except genetic heritance and variation, all of these elements that may trigger cancer can be found in “iron ladies”.

Another group of statistics: in 2014, there were 187000 breast cancer patients covering 25% of females with cancer. The coastal developed cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are the “severely afflicted area” of breast cancer, which 7 times of that in less developed middle and western parts. Why developed cities are the high incidence areas of breast cancer? Besides the different living environment, the longtime pressure on people can also be related. White-collar females in big cities always give up the original regular life due to the working pressure. Diet structure disorder, too much mental pressure, especially longtime delay childbearing are all bad elements inducing breast lesions. Some materials show that, the morbidity rate of women never have childbirth is 30% of that of women have had babies; the morbidity rate of non-nursing women is 1.5 times of that of nursing women. So “iron ladies” if do not pay attention to the regular routine and health when pursuing career, they will largely increase the possibility of having breast cancer.

这样的“女强人”代表可以衍生到日常生活中的都市女性身上。她们往往对自己有着严格的高标准,有时甚至过于苛求自己。她们普遍希望自己在事业上有所发展,有时会因为一些阻力受到打击而导致压力过大甚至产生抑郁情绪。除了心理上的压力外,在她们的生活中,很可能因为对事业的极致追求而忽略自身。比如工作太忙让她们无法按时吃饭,或者有时不吃饭,有时又暴饮暴食;越来越多的女性因为工作或者“时代病”会经常在晚上熬夜;许多白领女性没有时间去运动,每天坐在办公桌前的时间也许会多过睡觉的时间;“女强人”们压力过大或者不得以需要应酬的时候,也许还会抽点烟喝点酒;她们对外在的过分追求也许会让她们过多使用激素类美容品,肌肤长期受到刺激,导致荷尔蒙分泌紊乱;由于不愿耽误事业的发展,晚婚晚育也成为多数事业型女人的选择……由此可见,除了基因遗传和变异,所有这些也许会引发高致癌的因素,似乎都可以在“女强人”身上捕捉到影子。

再拿一组数据作为支撑:2014年,中国乳腺癌发病人数18.7万人,占女性癌症的25%。北京、上海、广州等沿海一线发达城市是乳腺癌“重灾区”,是经济欠发达的中西部的近7倍。为什么一线发达城市会成为乳腺癌的高发区?除了生活环境不一样,恐怕与大城市长期给人带来的压力也不无关系。居住在大城市的白领女性,往往因为面临工作压力,而放弃原有的规律生活。饮食结构紊乱、精神压力过大,尤其是过长时间推迟生育,都成为诱发乳腺病变的不良因素。有关资料表明,从未生育妇女患该病的危险性比已生育妇女高30%;未哺乳妇女患该病的危险性比哺乳妇女高1.5倍以上。因此“女强人”在对事业的追求中如果不同时注重自身的规律作息和身体健康,在很大程度上会为自己增加许多罹患乳腺癌的概率。

Protect breast and keep away from cancer

保护乳腺远离癌

Since people don’t fully understand the reason caused breast cancer, the early detection of it is still the foundation of the control of breast cancer. If people can enhance their awareness and have proper diagnose and treatment at the early stage of breast cancer, the possibility of healing is still high. However, “iron ladies” who pay too much attention to career and family can hardly do this. They may be too busy to neglect the physical discomfort and anomalies of themselves or forget to do annual breast examination. They will come to the hospital when there is obvious syndrome, which would largely delay the treatment.

The purpose for examination is to nip in the bud. For malignant tumor like breast cancer, some experts said the death rate can be largely lowered down by early examination of breast and early treatment. Gynecologist Chen Yuman said, it is because the early and regular breast examinations haven’t been done that most breast cancers have developed into malignant tumor and spread to the whole body. In her opinion, urban women from 20 to 40 can check their breast by hands to find if there is lump or abnormalities with the week after the menstruation every month. For women over 40 and of climacteric should have screening mammography every year. This can guarantee health and is an attitude of being responsible for them.

If being diagnosed of breast cancer, the patient should actively corporate with the treatment plan of the doctor and adjust psychological mood in time with less pressure. After the cure, the patient should keep relaxed and happy mood and rest often. Yao Beina died of relapse of breast cancer. Her surgeon once said, “according to the treatment of state of Yao at first, the chance of relapse was less than 5%, but such a low probability became 100% to her.” The first breast cancer surgery of Yao was a success, but she stepped on the stage of competition just after the recovery. Her surgeon Cao Yingming said, when busy, she often forgot to review. Cai said when Yao Beina was known by everyone, she had less rest time and even flew to different cities to perform in very short time, and even sang and danced at the same time. “Yao loved her career too much that she was willing to sacrifice many things,” said Cao. But it never occurred to anyone that Yao sacrificed her life for her career.

由于目前人们尚不完全了解乳腺癌的病因,因此疾病的早期发现仍然是乳腺癌控制工作的基础。如果能够提高意识,在乳腺癌早期就发现并作出适当诊断和治疗,乳腺癌治愈的可能性还是很高的。而往往对于这一点,过分把重心放在事业和家庭上的“女强人”们却很难做到。她们也许会因为太忙而忽略掉自己身体上的不适与异常,忘记或者没有习惯去做每年的检查,她们通常会等到出现了较明显的症状之后才去医院就诊,这样大大延误了乳腺癌的治疗。

检查的目的自然是为了防患于未然。对乳腺癌这样一种恶性肿瘤,有专家表示可以通过前期检查乳腺健康状况,早期发现治疗便可以大大降低死亡率。妇科医生陈玉曼介绍,之所以大多数乳腺癌被确诊时都已然发展为恶性肿瘤,并开始全身扩散,其主要原因便是因为前期没做或者没有认真定期的进行乳腺癌检查。在她看来,20至40岁的都市女性,每月月经结束后一周内可以自己用手检查一下有无肿块或异常。对于40岁以上和进入更年期的女性,每年去医院进行一次造影筛查。这样既保证了身体的健康,也是对自我负责任的态度。

若被诊断出乳腺癌,患者应当积极配合医生的治疗方案,及时调整心理情绪,不给自己过多的压力,治愈之后也应保持放松和愉快的心情,并应当多休息。姚贝娜死于乳腺癌复发,她的主刀医生曾说:“根据姚贝娜最初的治疗状态,复发的概率不到5%,可是这么低的概率,在姚贝娜这里却变成了100%”。姚贝娜第一次的乳腺癌切除手术其实很成功,但她在刚恢复没多久就踏上了舞台参加比赛,她的主治医生曹迎明说,忙起来时,姚贝娜经常忘记了去复查。据曹迎明介绍,姚贝娜在被大家认识后,更加没有自己休息的时间,经常在短时间内飞到不同的城市演出,甚至边唱边跳。“姚贝娜太热爱自己的事业了,宁可牺牲很多其他东西”,曹迎明说道。可没想到姚贝娜为了事业,最后却牺牲掉了自己的生命。

For females without breast cancer, to change into a better lifestyle can achieve effective prevention result. WHO pointed out that: by controlling changeable specific high-risk elements for breast cancer and effectively prevent non-infective disease in an all-round way to improve healthy diet, physical activities and control drinking, overweight and obesity can finally lower down the morbidity of breast cancer in a long time. The research result of Institute of psychology Research Chinese Academy of Sciences also said: in modern life, long-term nervous in work and study, inharmonious in work and family and big unfortunate things in life are three major elements cause cancer. When seeing the pass away stars like A Sang, Chen Xiaoxu and Yao Beina, they all experiences low ebb at certain stage in their life, which seriously affected their mood and brought them strong depression. Some studies show that, the mood affects the immune system of a person that good mood can promote the coordination of organs and the ability to fight against disease while bad mood may lead organ function disorder, reduce the human body immunity, and let the cancer cell get in. The saying that “all diseases come from the heart” also means this. Cui Shude, chief physician of breast surgery in Henan Tumor Hospital said, depression and negative mood may increase milk hormone and may lead to breast cancer. Among breast cancer patients, city overweighs rural area and intellectual women overweigh ordinary working women.

So though we cannot say that there is necessary connection between iron ladies and breast cancer, the elements of irregular work and rest, late marriage and late childbirth, dink family, longtime pressure and negative mood are all increasing the risk of getting breast cancer. It is an admirable thing for women to have their own career and fight for it, but they should not neglect their health for this. “Iron ladies” should care about the changes of their body and look after their mood. They should talk to relatives and friends when feel depressed and do sports and outdoor tourism to distract attention. They should lower the probability of having breast cancer through changing unhealthy lifestyle. When facing breast cancer, we need not to fear irrationally. Protecting breast can start from small things in our daily life. Try to treat our body with a positive and rational mind and understand that a healthy body is the foundation for career and treat it in a good way is the best blessing for us.