发布时间：2022-03-12 09:46:10
序言：写作是分享个人见解和探索未知领域的桥梁，我们为您精选了8篇的英文合同样本，期待这些样本能够为您提供丰富的参考和启发，请尽情阅读。
综述：
在英文合同翻译中，前提条件是弄懂合同的定义，包括合同中应有的基本要素，下面就从合同的定义着手，并提出一些在英文合同翻译中应注意的事项，笔者对英文合同作了以下论述：
第一，英文合同的定义
1.在英文中，合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。
1999年中国《合同法》第二条将contract定义为：A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing， that is， between natural persons， legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“Contract is a promise，or a set of promises，for breach of which the law gives remedy，or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。
2. 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。
它们（要约和承诺构成的）由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。
L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”
1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)
2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)
3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)
4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)
5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)
6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)
7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)
8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)
9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)
第二，英文合同的结构特点
合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。
中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：
This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______(month)，______(year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called “ Party A ”)and Party B(hereinafter called “ Party B ”)
然后是开始陈述：
WHEREAS...THEREFORE
... It is hereby agreed as follows:
或以：
WITNESSETH， WHEREAS...
NOW THEREFORE， for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
接着是正文，最后是证明部分：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。
第三，英文合同翻译的用词特点(formal term)
合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。具体体现在下列方面：
1． may，shall，must，may not(或shall not)的使用；may，shall， must，may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。
权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。
may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。may do不能说成can do，shall do，不能说成should do或ought to do， may not do，在美国一些法律文件里可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not)，例如，在约定解决争议的途径时，可以说：
The parties here to shall， first of all， settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.
Should such negotiations fail， such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样？前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好像一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。
本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成共识的，可将争议提交给有管辖权的人民法院解决。
2．正式用语（formal term）
合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。
例如：
“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ”，远远多于“due to”，一般不用“because of ”；
“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”；
“在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”；
“关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；
“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；
“开始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”；
“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”；
“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.
“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”，而不用“other matters/events”；
“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”;
“认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”；
3.用词专业（technical terms）
合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，用以上英语表达分别为defect，remedy，force majeure /Act of God，jurisdiction，damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ，such... as ，whereas， in witness whereof， for and on behalf of ， hereby， thereof 等虚词，就其中几个细说：
比如：
1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this之意，即特此，因此，兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语，在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明，如：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中：
hereby意为 by reason of this，特此的意思。
therein意为in the Works在本工程中。
such...as是关系代词，相当于that， which，把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确，避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。
其它的还有：
“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”
“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate”
“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”
“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”。
还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文为“grace”，
“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”
“依照合同相关规定”一般说成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。
“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。
4．同义词、近义词、相关词的序列
FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell， transfer， assign and set over to _____all his right， tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____， 19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____，a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell， transfer， assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思，都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”的意思几乎相同。
并列的词还有：
ships and vessels
support and maintenance
licenses and permits
charges， fees， costs and expenses
any and all
any duties， obligations or liabilities
the partners， their heirs， successors and assigns
第四，英文合同翻译中的注意事项
实践证明，英文合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说不是大的陈述性条款，而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
A. 限定责任 众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。
1.1 and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。
例1：如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.
1.2 by and between
常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller，whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
B. 限定时间英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。
2.1 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
例3:自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
例4：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months， i.e. on or before May 1.3.2.2 not (no) later than用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。
例5：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract， i.e. not later than December 15.
2.2 include的相应形式
常用include的相应形式：inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。
例6：本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括1月1日在内，英译为till and not including January 1。
3.1 大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).
3.2. 正确使用货币符号
英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币；而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891，568，不能写成：Can $ 891，568。另外，翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(，)，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。
综上所述，本文从英文合同的定义、结构特点、以及从英文合同翻译的用词特点、注意事项等四个方面着手，使我们对合同自身的特点有了一定的了解，包括其构成的基本要素，在翻译过程中容易疏忽之处；从而为更好地做好英文合同翻译打下基础，并使我们在合同翻译中能够得心应手。
参考文献：
［1］邱建芳.中国加入WTO与涉外经济合同的翻译［J］.社会科学学报(增刊)，2000，82.
［2］傅伟良.英文合同写作指要［M］.北京：商务印分馆国际有限公司，2002.
［3］葛亚军，齐恩平.合同英语［M］.天津：科技翻译出版公司，2002.
［4］［6］李正中.国际经贸英汉翻译.北京中国国际广播出版社，1997.
Sales and Purchase ContractFOR
Manganese Ore
This contract is made and entered into onXX, Febunder terms and conditions as per the international chamber of commerce-600 (ICC UCP-600/2007 revision) by and between:
The Buyer:
Address:
Tel:
The Seller :
Address:
Tel:
Whereby seller agrees to sell to buyer and Buyer agrees to buy from seller Manganese Ore under following the terms and conditions stipulated below:
Article 1 Commodity
Concentrated manganese Ore
Article 2 Specifications
Concentrated Manganese Ore
Size: 0-5mm (90% min)
% Mn min. 40.0%
% Fe max. 15.0%
% Silica ( SiO2 ) max. 1.0%
% Aluminum ( Al ) max. 4.0%
% S max. 0.20%
% P max. 0.10%
Moisture max. 7%
Article 3 Quantity:
500 MT, partial shipment not allowed.
Article 4 Origin and Port of loading
4.1 Republic of ABC
4.2 Loading port:
Article 5 Packing/Delivery
5.1 In50 kg sack
5.2 Incontainer Shipment, more or less 20 tons.
Article 6 Shipment/Delivery
6.1 500MT(+/-5%)partial shipment not allowed
6.2 Shipment will be 90 days after signing of this contract and after the acceptance of the Letter of Credit by seller’s bank. L/C will be openedafter BuyerreceivingProforma Invoice from Sellerwith confirmation of the delivery schedule.
6.3 The Buyer has the right to appoint the independent surveyor or his representative to conduct the Pre-shipment Inspection and/or conduct the joint-inspection of the material with buyer for his own account.
Article 7 Contracted Price and Values
Price:Mn: 48% and above - USD0.00/%/DMTCFRCY Port, China
40% - 47.9% - USD 0.00 /%/DMTCFRCY Port, China
The Mn content will be average of the joint-inspection testing result at loading port.
Article 8 Payment
8.1 Payment shall be effected in full by an irrevocable Letter of Credit, which will be opened by 1stclass bank in Hong Kong or Singapore, 100% at sight upon presentation of shipping documents.
A. Seller’s Banking Details:
Bank Name :
Bank Address :
Account Name :
S.W.I.F.T. CODE SWIFT :
B. Buyer’s bank issues L/C to the Seller's bank via S.W.I.F.T. wire transfer.
Buyer’s Banking Details:
Bank Name : (will be advised)
Bank Address :
Account Name:
S.W.I.F.T. Address SWIFT :
Article 10 Inspection of Analysis & Weight
The shipmentinspection and analysis shall be done byCCICappointed by the Seller and one independent surveyor (i.e.: SGS or Geo-Chem, etc) appointed by the buyeras agreed by both parties at site before loading to container. While final weightand qualitydetermination shall be done atloadingportby the above joint-survey.Moisture content shall be deducted from the total weight shipped.
Article 11 Documents
Seller shall present the following documents to the buyer:
A. Signed Commercial Invoice for 100% of the total cargo value indicating, quantity, unit price and the total Amount of Value of the delivered commodity , 1 original and 3 copies.
B. Certificates of quantity, quality and weight issued byCCICand one independent surveyor appointed by the buyer.
C. Certificate of Origin issued by ABC Department Of Trade or concerned Government authorities, I original and 2 copies.
D. Weight List, showing total weight , 1 original and 3 copies.
E. Bill of Lading, 3 original copies and 3 non-negotiable copies.
Article 12 Force Majeure
The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeureunder UCP 600. The seller shall advise the buyer immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within 3 days thereafter the seller shall send a notice by courier to the buyer of their acceptance of a certificate of the accident issued by the local chamber of commerce under whose jurisdiction the accident occurs as evidence thereof. Under such circumstances the seller , however, are still under obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods. In case the accident lasts for more than 60 days the buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract.
Article 13 Arbitration
All disputes arising out of or in connection with this Contract shall be finally resolved by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (UCP-600/2007 or Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits) by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said rules. The arbitration shall be conducted in ABCbythe English language.
NO：_________
日期：_________
Date：_________
为在平等互利的基础上发展贸易，有关方按下列条件签订本协议：
This Agreement is entered into between the parties concerned on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to develop bussiness on terms and conditions mutually agreed upon as follows:
1．订约人
Contracting Parties
供货人（以下称甲方）：_________
Supplier（hereinafter called “party A”）:_________
销售人（以下称乙方）：_________
Agent（hereinafter called “party B”）:_________
甲方委托乙方为销售人，推销下列商品。
Party A hereby appoint Party B to act as his selling agent to sell the commodity mentioned below.
2．商品名称及数量或金额
Commodity and Quantity or Amount
双方约定，乙方在协议有效期内， 销售不少于_________的商品。
It is mutually agreed that Party B shall undertake to sell not less than _________ of the aforesaid commodity in the duration of this Agreement。
3．经销地区
Territory
只限在_________。
In _________ only.
4．订单的确认
Confirmation of Orders
本协议所规定商品的数量、价格及装运条件等，应在每笔交易中确认，其细目应在双方签订的销售协议书中作出规定。
The quantities， prices and shipments of the commodities stated in this Agreement shall be confirmed in each transaction， the particulars of which are to be specified in the Sales Confirmation signed by the two parties hereto.
5．付款
Payment
订单确认之后，乙方须按照有关确认书所规定的时间开立以甲方为受益人的保兑的、不可撤销的即期信用证。乙方开出信用证后，应立即通知甲方，以便甲方准备交货。
After confirmation of the order， Party B shall arrange to open a confirmed， irrevocable L/C available by draft at sight in favour of Party A within the time stipulated in the relevant S/C. Party B shall also notify Party A immediately after L/C is opened so that Party A can get prepared for delivery.
6．佣金
Commission
在本协议期满时，若乙方完成了第二款所规定的数额，甲方应按装运货物所收到的发票累计总金额付给乙方_________％的佣金。
Upon the expiration of the Agreement and Party B's fullfilment of the total turnover mentioned in Article 2， Party A shall pay to Party B _________% commission on the basis of the aggregate amount of the invoice value against the shipments effected.
7．市场情况报告
Reports on Market Conditions
乙方每3个月向甲方提供一次有关当时市场情况和用户意见的详细报告。同时，乙方应随时向甲方提供其他供应商的类似商品样品及其价格、销售情况和广告资料。
Party B shall forward once every three months to party A detailed reports on current market conditions and of consumers' comments. Meanwhile， Party B shall，from time to time， send to party A samples of similar commodities offered by other suppliers， together with their prices， sales information and advertising materials.
8．宣传广告费用
Advertising & Publicity Expenses
在本协议有效期内，乙方在上述经销地区所作广告宣传的一切费用，由乙方自理。乙方须事先向甲方提供宣传广告的图案及文字说明，由甲方审阅同意。
Party B shall bear all expenses for advertising and publicity within the aforementioned territory in the duration of this Agreement and submit to Party A all patterns and/or drawings and description for prior approval.
9．协议有效期
Validity of Agreement
本协议经双方签字后生效，有效期为_________天，自_________至_________。若一方希望延长本协议，则须在本协议期满前1个月书面通知另一方，经双方协商决定。
若协议一方未履行协议条款，另一方有权终止协议。
This Agreement， after its being signed by the parties concerned， shall remain in force for _________ days from _________ to _________ If either Party wishes to extend this Agreement， he shall notice， in writing， the other party one month prior to its expiration. The matter shall be decided by the agreement and by consent of the parties hereto. Should either party fail to implement the terms and conditions herein， the other party is entitled to terminate this Agreement.
10．仲裁
Arbitration
在履行协议过程中，如产生争议，双方应友好协商解决。若通过友好协商达不成协议，则提交中国国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会，根据该会仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。该委员会的决定是终局的，对双方均具有约束力。仲裁费用，除另有规定外，由败诉一方负担。
All disputes arising from the execution of this Agreement shall be settled through friendly consultations. In case no settlement can be reached， the case in dispute shall then be submitted to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade for arbitration in accordance with its provisional rules of procedure. The decision made by this Commission shall be regarded as final and binding upon both parties. Arbitration fees shall be borne by the losing party ，unless otherwise awarded.
11．其他条款
Other Terms & Conditions
（1）甲方不得向经销地区其他买主供应本协议所规定的商品。如有询价，当转达给乙方洽办。若有买主希望从甲方直接订购，甲方可以供货，但甲方须将有关销售确认书副本寄给乙方，并按所达成交易的发票金额给予乙方_________％的佣金。
Party A shall not supply the contracted commodity to any other buyer(s) in the above mentioned territory. Direct enquiries， if any， will be referred to Party B. However， should any other buyers wish to deal with Party A directly， Party A may do so. But party A shall send to Party B a copy of Sales Confirmation and give Party B _________% commission on the basis of the net invoice value of the transaction(s)concluded.
（2）若乙方在_________月内未能向甲方提供至少_________订货，甲方不承担本协议的义务。
Should Party B fail to pass on his orders to Party A in a period of _________ months for a minimum of _________， Party A shall not bind himself to this Agreement.
（3）对双方政府间的贸易，甲方有权按其政府的授权进行有关的直接贸易，而不受本协议约束。乙方不得干涉此种直接贸易，也无权向甲方提出任何补偿或佣金要求。
For any business transacted between governments of both Parties， Party A may handle such direct dealings as authorized by Party A's government without binding himself to this Agreement. Party B shall not interfere in such direct dealings nor shall Party B bring forward any demand for compensation therefrom.
（4）本协议受签约双方所签订的销售确认条款的制约。
This Agreement shall be subject to the terms and conditions in the Sales Confirmation signed by both parties hereto.
12．本协议于_________年_________月_________日在_________签订，正本两份，甲乙双方各执一份。
This Agreement is signed on _________ at _________ and is in two originals；each Party holds one.
承租方（以下简称乙方）：Lessee （hereinafter called party B）
双方当事人根据《合同法》及其他有关规定，经双方协商一致，订立如下协议，
以资共同信守。
According to Contract Law of PRC and other regulations， the two parties through consultation hereby agree upon，and shall be bound by，the following terms：
第一条 甲方出租的厂房位于杭州******工业园区一号厂房，一至二层及办公用房。
Article 1： The leasing item is the no.1 workshop from the first floor to the second floor and some offices located in******* District of Hangzhou.
第二条 租赁期限共**年。租赁从*****年9月1日至*****年8月30日止。
Article 2：Lease term is five years from September 1， 2007 to August 30， 2012.
第三条 一号厂房一至二层面积共计________平方米。每平方米租金为_______元人民币每年。办公用房共计 平方米，年租金为__________元人民币。租金合计为 元人民币每年。
Article 3： The area of the no.1 workshop from the first floor to the second floor is square meters the rent of which is per square meter every year.The area of offices is square meters the rent of which is yuan in RMB.The above rent adds up to RMB ________yuan a year.
第四条 租金全年共计 元人民币，平均每月为_________元。
Article 4 ：The rent is RMB yuan per year and RMB _________yuan per month on average.
第五条 乙方必须按时向甲方缴纳租金，先支付后使用，第一次租金支付方式：本协议签订之日起三日内付一季度租金。
Article 5： Party B should pay rent to party A at the prescribed time before putting into use. The rent of the first three months shall be paid within 3 days from the day on which this agreement is reached.
第六条 其余需租赁的厂房面积按实际使用结算。
Article 6： The rent and other fees of the rest factory premises if used are paid according to the actual area which is used.
第七条 乙方用电容量应控制在每平方米_______以内，用水量应控制在 吨/月。
以此范围内，乙方按__________元/千瓦/小时按月向甲方缴纳电费，水电费乙方应在每月30日前向甲方缴纳。
在此范围以外，乙方承担因超出范围用水、电所产生的一切后果，并赔偿甲方因此造成的损失。如未给甲方造成损失的，则超出部分水电费及罚款乙方按政府有关部门的规定缴纳。
乙方使用的电费按国家电价规定每月按实支付给甲方。
Article 7： Power utilization shall be within the electric capacity of ________
every square meter， utilization of water should be within ________tons every month.
Within the above scope， party B pays the electricity bills every month by the rate of RMB yuan KWH（kilowatt-hour） which shall be paid at the latest on every 30th.
Beyond the scope ，then party B shall undertake all the responsibilities and make up the loss of party A which is caused by overuse of power and water .If party A suffers no disadvantageous result from it， then party B pays the fines， the charge of water and electricity by the regulations of related government departments.
The charge of power that party B pays party A according to the national standard every month is settled to his actual usage.
第八条 相关费用的承担情况
Article 8：Regulations about other fees
1、乙方每月承担保安费1000元（人民币）。
1， Party B undertakes a fee of RMB 1000 yuan monthly for ensuring public security.
2、乙方使用的自来水费按实结算，每月支付甲方。
2， The charge of water is settled and paid to the actual usage each month.
3、甲方厂区内的环境卫生、绿化养护等公共事业费乙方每月应承担400元。
3， Party B pays party A RMB 400 yuan monthly as the fees for the public affairs such as maintenance of the environment and hygiene in party A‘s factory as well as landscaping .etc.
4、乙方在
合同期内员工可在甲方食堂用餐，伙食费按甲方食堂标准收取，每月结算一次。
4， In case the workers and staff of party B have dinner in party A‘s mess hall， meal cost is settled and paid monthly to the mess hall’s standard.
5、为了加强厂房的管理，由物业管理部门按各企业的厂房面积收取租金、水电费、门卫分摊费等。
5，For the management of industrial park ， the related property management department will take the fees of rent， water & electricity and the fees for ensuring public security. etc.
第九条 甲方负责园区内的环境卫生、门卫、保卫及水、电户外设施保养，维修等事务。厂房电梯（货梯）三至四楼使用时应保证乙方租赁的厂房电梯的正常运转。
Article 9： Party A is responsible for the maintenance of environment and hygiene in the industrial park， safeguard， facilities of water ，power outside . etc.
The elevators in the leasing items shall run smoothly when the people on the third or fourth floors are using them.
第十条 乙方在厂房内安装设备或堆放货物，不得超过楼面设计负载 500 kg/m？。乙方对房屋的使用和装修必须符合消防、环保、治安、防疫等方面的要求，按规定配置设施。
租赁期间不得擅自改变房屋的使用性质和结构。乙方对房屋的使用和装修在消防、安全、防疫、环保等方面有特殊要求的，或国家对此有特别规定的，乙方应事先向政府有关部门申报批准，对原厂房进行改造所产生的全部费用由乙方承担。
Article 10 ： Party B shall not install equipments or pile goods over 500 kilos per square meter in the leasing items .The use and decoration of the house shall comply with the requirements of fire control ，environmental protection ，public security and epidemic prevention etc.
Party B shall not change the usage and construction of the leasing items .If party B has special requirements or the government has special regulations ， party B shall first apply for approval from related government departments .If permitted ，then all the expenses of reformation or improvement will be undertaken by party B .
第十一条 乙方的财产应参加保险，并做好防盗、保安、防火防灾工作，对乙方因被盗、抢以及火灾等事故或不可抗力（如地震、洪水等）所产生的任何损失，均由乙方自行承担，与甲方及物业管理公司无涉。
Article 11：Party B‘s should cover insurance for his property， and take proper measures to guard against theft， fire and ensure public security .In case of accidents ， robbery， fire.etc or force majeure（like earthquake， flood……etc.）， party B undertakes the loss by himself not party A or the related property management department.
第十二条 乙方全权承担所属员工出现的违法违规和其它纠纷责任，当乙方的设备、人员在园区发生损失和事故时，由乙方全权承担处理及损失责任，一律与甲方无涉。
Article 12： Party B shall be responsible for the illegal conducts of his employees and other responsibilities of disputes with other parties. Party B shall undertake all the responsibilities and the loss in case any loss or accidents occur in party B‘ industrial park.
第十三条 如因乙方使用不当造成房屋或设施损坏的，乙方应立即负责修复或予以经济赔偿。
Article 11 ：In case of damage of house and equipment caused by party B ，he shall make repairs immediately or bear the compensation accordingly.
甲方维修房屋及其辅助设施，应提前七天书面
通知乙方，乙方应积极协助和配合。
Article 13： Party A shall inform party B in written notice seven days in advance in case he intends to maintain the leasing items or auxiliary facilities ， party B should cooperate readily.
第十四条 乙方如需要对房屋进行改造或增扩设备时，应事先征得甲方的书面同意，并按规定向有关部门办理报批手续后，方可进行。
Article 14： If party B intends to carry on reformation of the houses or add equipments， he shall inform party A in advance to get written approval， and apply to the concerning departments before starting the procedure.
第十五条租赁期内，甲方如需要转让或抵押该房屋，当产权发生变更时，甲方（或新业主）仍要继续执行原合同，具体手续由甲方负责。Article 15： within the leasing term， if party A intends to transfer the leasing items or mortgage. party A（or new owner） shall still continue to carry out this original contract and carry out the related procedures.
第十六条 租赁期内，如遇国家或当地政府因建设或开发需要，厂房拆迁时，乙方无条件终止本协议，预收部分租金全额退还，其余一切损失由乙方自行负责。
Article 16：In the leasing term， if the central government or local government needs to make construction or development， this contract shall terminate， party A gives back the rent and deposit received in advance ， other related loss shall be undertaken by party B.
第十七条 租赁期内，乙方有下列行为之一的，甲方有权单方面终止本协议，收回该房屋，没收乙方租赁保证金并采取水、电停等强制性办法。由此而造成甲方损失的，乙方应予以赔偿。
Article 17： In the leasing period， in case of one of the following conducts by party B， party A has the right to terminate this contract， take back the leasing items and confiscate the deposit and stop supply of water and power etc. Party B shall pay for any compensation for this.
1、擅自改变本合同规定的租赁用途，或利用该房屋进行违法违章活动的。
2、未经甲方同意，擅自拆改变房屋结构，或损坏房屋，且经甲方书面通知，在限定时间内仍未纠正并修复的。
3、未经甲方同意，擅自将房屋转租、转让、转借他人或调换使用的。
4、未经甲方同意，拖欠租金累计壹个月以上且不缴纳滞纳金的，拖欠水电费壹个月以上的。
1， Changing the usage of leasing prescribed in the contract or carry on illegal activities.
2， Without party A‘s approval ，changing the structure of the leasing items without authorization. Or causing damages to the items and having not recovered it within the ordered time after getting written notice from party A.
3， Without the approval from party A， subleasing ，transferring the lease items or making subtenancy， transpose.
4， Without the approval from party A， delaying in payment of rent for more than one month ，meanwhile refusing to pay belated payment. Or delaying in payment for charge of water or power more than one month .
第十八条甲方应按合同签订的出租日期将出租的房屋交乙方使用。如甲方逾期不交房屋的，则每逾期一天应向乙方支付租金双倍的违约金。 Article 18： Party A shall hand over the leasing items to party B on the date as prescribed in this contract ，oth[！]erwise giving twice of the rent as liquidated damages by the day.
第十九条 乙方逾期交付租金及物业管理费，除如数补交外，按日支付逾期租金款项的万分之四的滞纳金，逾期交付水电费等其他费用的，按逾期交纳款项的千分之一支付滞纳金。
Article 19： In case of delay in paying rent or fees of property management beyond the prescribed period， party B shall undertake belated payment 4/10000 more of rent by the day. For fees of power or water， it shall be 1/1000 more by the day.
第二十条 租赁期间，甲方提前收回房屋的，甲方应按即时月租的租金向乙方支付十二个月的违约金。相反乙方未经甲方同意中途擅自退租的，乙方应按即时月租金向甲方支付十二个月的违约金。
Article 20： In case party A takes back the leasing items before prescribed time and party A shall pay 12 times as much as the rent then and there as compensation .On the contrary ，in case party B quit the contract and move out of the leasing items before the prescribed time， he shall also pay 12 times as much as the rent then and there as compensation.
第二十一条 租赁期满，甲方有权收回全部出租房屋。乙方如需继续租用的，应提前三个月向甲方提出书面意向，经甲方同意后，重新签订
租赁合同，如续租，乙方在同等条件下享有优先租用权。
Article 21： Upon expiration date of this contract， party A has the right to take back all leasing items .If party B intends to continue to rent ， he shall inform party A in written form three months in advance. After confirmation by party A ，the contract can be renewed. Under the same condition， Party B has the priority to continue the contract to other civil parties.
第二十二条 租赁期满，乙方应如期归还该房屋，如乙方逾期不归还的，则每逾期一天应向甲方支付原日租金双倍的违约金。
Article 22： Upon expiration of this contract， party B shall return the leasing items according to the prescribed time. In case party B fails to do so， then party B shall pay twice as much rent as the prescribed rent by the day as penalty .
第二十三条 租赁期满或乙方原因提前终止协议，乙方租赁范围内的室内外装璜除企业之间的隔断外均可自行拆除，但厂房内需清理干净，便于下一个企业入驻。
Article 23： In case of expiration of this contract or party B terminates the contract before the prescribed time， party B has the right to remove the decoration except the partition（Something that separates or holds apart） .Party B shall arrange and tidy up the leasing items so that the next leaseholder or enterprise moves in.
第二十四条 任何一方在本合同有效期内及合同结束后不得向第三方泄露本合同有关内容。
Article 24： No party shall give away the contents of the contract to the third party whether before or after the expiration of the contract.
第二十五条任何一方在本合同有效期内及本合同结束后均不得向第三方泄露在签订和履行本合同过程中获得的另一方面任何商业秘密。Article 25： Each party shall keep the business secret whether before or after the expiration of the contract which is obtained from the other party during the course of conclusion or performance of this contract.
第二十六条 因履行本合同发生的争议，由当事人协商解决，协商不成的，可依法向人民法院。
Article 26 ： Any disputes arising from the contract shall be solved through consultation. In case no resolution is reached， either party can bring a lawsuit before the court.
第二十七条 本合同未尽事宜，经甲、乙双方协商一致，可订立补条款。补充条款与本协议具有同等法律效力。
Article 27： In case of any thing not covered here，supplementary clauses will be formed which have the same effect as the those in this contract.
第二十八条 双方约定的其他事项（见附件）。
Article 28： Other items that both parties agree on（see the enclosure）
第二十九条 本合同及附件经双方签字盖章后生效，一式四份（两份中文；两份英文），甲、乙双方执中、英文合同各一份。
Article 29： This contract and its enclosure come into effect upon both parties‘ signature， with 4 copies（two copies in Chinese， two copies in English）， each party keeps one copy each in either language.
出租方（盖章）： 承租方（盖章）：
法定代表人（签名）： 法定代表人（签名）：
委托代表人（签名）： 委托代表人（签名）：
签约地点：
签约时间：2007年9月1日
Lessor（stamp or signature）：
Legal Representative （signature）：
Entrusted representative （signature）：
Lessee （stamp or signature）：
Legal Representative （signature）：
Entrusted representative （signature）：
Place of signature：
关键词：商务英语；英文合同；用词习惯
一、引言
合同是国家之间进行贸易的工具由于语言的障碍，中国企业签订的涉外合同大多是用中文文本，但为了方便外方合同当事人的阅读，常常会有一个英文版本，只不过会在合同中注明：如果两个版本不一致，以中文版本为准（Chinese version shall prevail）。但是，随着中外经济的交流日益广泛和深入，越来越多的国外强势企业会要求以英文版本为准，甚至不提供中文版本。这就要求国内英文专业的学生，尤其是商务英文专业的学生，要加强对英文合同特点的了解，积累相应的知识，以增强自己的择业优势。本文仅从词汇的角度分析英文合同的用词特点，力求对商务英语的教学和学习有所裨益。
二、英文合同的常用词
由于合同的严谨性，合同语言往往显得比较繁琐，一些在其他文体中很少见的词汇，可能会成为合同英语的常用词。这些词大致可以分为如下类型：
（一）修饰性的词汇，主要是副词
这类词主要是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词构成。对于这些词，大体上可以遵循“从后朝前看这个词”的方法获得这种词汇的含义，如herein，可以理解为in here。当然，这只是从意思的理解上可以这样，从语法上讲，介词in放在here前面是说不通的；另外，也并不是所有的词都可以这样理解。比如：hereinadv.：在此，在此处（in this）。
例：The price quoted herein is based on CIF Odense with 3% commission。此报价均是CIF欧登塞，包括3%佣金。
hereinadv.：其中；在那点上；在那里（in that particular context；in that respect）。
例：You are responsible for all of the information contained therein。你对包含在里面的所有信息负责。
therebyadv.：因此；从而；由此。
例：The arbitration award shall be final and binding for the Parties and the Parties agree to be bound thereby and shall act accordingly。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方都有约束力，双方有义务遵守且履行。
其他还有：hereby：兹，特此；以此；由此。
Thereby：因此；从而；由此。
Hereof：关于这个，在本文中（在表示上文已经提及的“本合同的……”时使用）。
Thereof：由此，因此；属于它的，关于它的。
Hereto：关于这个，于此。
Thereto：到那里，向那里。
Hereinafter：以下，在下文（通常与 to be referred to as，referred as，called 连用）。
Thereafter：此后。
Herewith：与此，附此。
Therewith：以此；此外。
Hereunder：本文件规定。
（二）由于合同这种文体所需要的词汇
合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。合同这种法律文件在文体上的特点，一是需要明确签订合同的当事人的具体信息，比如注册地、法定代表人、授权代表人等；二是将合同内容安排在章、条、款、项之下，这一方面使合同条理清晰，另一方面也使引用条款使时更加方便、清楚。表达这些内容的一些词汇是合同这种文体所特有的词汇，在基础英语中常常很难见到，所以需要留心。如Registered office：注册地（or：Registered place）。
Legal Representative：法定代表人。
Authorized Representative：授权代表人。
Domicile：住所地。
Main place of business主营业地（or：principal place of business）。
Chapter/article（or：section/clause）/paragraph/sub paragraph：章、条、款、项。
对于法律中经常使用的“款”，很多人都不太明白。“款”在“条”的下面，一般一个段落就是一款，所以这里用“paragraph”表示“款”就比较好理解了。有时候，某一段落下又有分行排列的、有编号的小条，这仍属于这一段，故只能算一款。
（三）由于合同内容所决定的常用词汇
合同是为了确定当事人的权利义务以及违反义务的责任，因此合同用语都比较正式、严谨。相应地，有一些专门的常用词汇反映出合同的这一特点。
1、“鉴于”（whereas）。为了内容的完整、全面、逻辑严密，合同中常用“鉴于”引出一些内容，用于叙述合同当事人签约的背景、当事人已经进行的工作等，这个“鉴于”用Whereas。如果这些内容很多，则可以使用数个whereas，每一个内容都可以在whereas引导下独立成段。
2、“以资证明”（in witness whereof）。合同结尾处、当事人签章之前，常常喜欢使用“以资证明”、“特此为证”等词汇，相应的英语表达为in witness whereof，有时会使用in testimony thereof或in witness thereof。
3、“包括但不限于”（including but not limited to）。合同常常需要列举一些事项，但常常又无法穷尽所有可能的存在，为了严谨，常常就使用“包括但不限于”，相应地，英文是这样表达的：including but not limited to或including，without limitation。
4、日期（date）。日期在合同中非常重要，因此合同中常有“从某日起”、“不迟于”等表述，这类词一般有：on and after（从某日起）、on or before（不迟于，或用not later than/no later than）。需要注意的是after与on单独使用时的差异，当翻译“……到后，就……”时，用介词on（或upon），而不用after，因为after表示“之后”的时间不明确，比如，to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods（货到付款）。另外，合同中涉及日期时常用“在某月某日之前”，如果包括所写日期时，就用介词by；如果不包括所写日期，即指到所写日期的前一天为止，就要用介词before，如The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by August 20。卖方须在8月20日前交货（卖方在8月20日交货不算违约）。The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee before August 20。卖方须在8月20日前交货（因不包括8月20日，所以卖方在8月20日交货即属于违约）。
三、英文合同的习惯用词
英语合同逐渐形成了其用词习惯，这也是合同英语不同于基础英语的一个地方。
如合同中经常会用到“根据”、“按照”等词，英文用的最多的是in accordance with，pursuant to/subject to/in compliance with也经常用，或者就直接用under，但不常用according to。
“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease（名词是cessation）a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”。
“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”或“owing to”，一般不用“because of”。
“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”。
“在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”。
“关于”常用“as regards/in respect of/with respect to /concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”。
“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”。
“开始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”。
“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”。
“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb。其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”，而用“convene”；“主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of”，而用“preside”。
“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”，而不用“other matters/events”。
“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”。
“认为”用“deem”多，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”。
“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”，“wish to do”。
在用英语起草合同时要注意使用英语合同的习惯用词。使用非习惯用词并非意味着错误，但使用英文合同习惯用词可使合同显得更加地道，更能符合英语国家法律专业人士的阅读习惯。英语合同的习惯用词远不止此，很多词汇需要在实践中积累。
四、英文合同常用的专业词汇
合同英语属于法律英语，因其常有法律专业词汇。英文合同经常出现的专业词汇有：
要约与承诺：offer and acceptance。
权利、义务、责任：rights/obligations /liability（liabilities）。
违约、违约方：breach of contract/the breaching party。
迟延履行、不履行：delay performance/fail to perform。
不可抗力：force majeure。
合同的解除：rescission of a contract/to rescind a contract。
合同的终止：termination of a contract/to terminate a contract。
违约金：default penalty。
诉诸（法院）：seek recourse to（or：resort to）。
上述词汇只是在通常的英文合同中常见的，在一些专业性很强的合同中，如国际贸易合同、国际衍生交易协议等，还有更多的专业词汇，如临时支付申请（interim application for payment）、总订单（blanket order）、现货订单（sport order）、托收单（collection order）、装运说明（shipping instructions）、守约利率（non-default rate）等等，大量的专业词汇也是需要平时在实践中积累的。
五、小结
合同往往是法律性很强的文件，因此英文合同的用词必然要照顾到法律的特点。由于法律的严谨性，英语在用于表述合同时便形成了其词汇特点。首先，英文合同中会出现一些在基础英语中很难见到的词汇，这些词是由于合同的特点决定的；其次，在合同英文的长期发展过程中，合同英文还逐渐发展出其用词习惯，例如用“cease to do”而不用“stop to do”等等；最后，英文合同中还会出现大量的法律专业词汇，这些词汇增加了一般人阅读合同的难度。
对于商务英语专业的学生来说，掌握一些合同英文的用词特点、掌握一些英文合同的专用法律词汇，对于将来起草、阅读、理解英文合同会有巨大帮助。
参考文献：
1、王辉.英文合同解读[M].法律出版社,2007(1).
2、傅伟良.英文合同写作指要[M].商务印书馆,2002.
3、杜金榜.中国法律语言学展望[M].对外经济贸易大学出版社,2007.
4、李蕾.外经贸合同的语言特点及篇章结构[J].成都大学学报(社会科学版),1998(2).
5、莫再树.商务合同英语的文体特征[J].湖南大学学报,2003(3).
6、李郁,张琳.论涉外合同英语的突破[J].商业研究,2003(9).
[关键词] 合同法律文件复杂句翻译
我国与世界各国双边贸易日趋频繁，使得合同翻译成为一项必不可少的工作程序。合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的协议。因此，合同翻译至关重要，其内容直接影响合同双方的利益。如何做好合同法律文件的翻译，保证中方的利益不因合同文本的翻译而招致损失越发具有现实的意义。其中，由于合同的严肃，严谨，严密性，导致复合句的应用较多，而结构复杂的复合句的翻译恰是保证整体翻译效果和准确性的关键。
一、要翻译好结构复杂的复合句，首先要了解商务英文合同的句式特点
商务合同作为一种实用文体，在词汇使用方而具有与其他文体不同的特，如用词正式规范，大量使用商务术语、法律术语及其他具有法律语言特点的正式词语。因而商务合同的翻译要求译者具有一定的专业知识。在句式结构方面，商务合同也与其他文体迥异。商务合同英语常不以易于理解为目的，大量使用复合句。究其根源，还是源于商务合同英语的文体属性。作为法律文书，商务合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务，合同文字的表达必须完整、细致、严谨、明晰。而英语的复合句，可以包含多个从句。从句之间的关系可能包容、限定，也可能并列平行，因此，在合同中较多使用复合句能够将各方的权利和义务在有限的条款中完整明确地体现出来，确保合同句子结构的严谨性，以及文意的严密、细致。但是复合句中往往包含若干从句、修饰语等等，有时会显得臃肿、晦涩，无疑会增加理解英文合同的难度，与此同时也增加了合同翻译的难度。
二、要掌握商务英文合同复合句的翻译方法
商务合同中英文复合句的出现频率高，句子结构复杂，逻辑性强，无疑给译者增添了许多困难，但是，无论多长的句子，多么复杂的结构，它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及各层意思，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按汉语的特点和表达方式组织译文就可以保证合同翻译的准确性。合同复合句的分析方法具体要遵循以下步骤：首先，译者要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构，其次，要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词，然后再分析从句和短句的功能，即：是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等，以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。最后，分析句子中是否有固定搭配，插入语等其他成分。
例1：
If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or underApplicableLaws,itshallindemnifyandkeep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.
分析：
第一步，拆分句子：
此长句可拆分为四个意义段，分别是
1)If a Party breaches …in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18. 2
2)then in addition to …Applicable laws
3）it shall indemnify and …costs,expenses,liabilities and claims
4)that such Party or …as a result of suchbreach.
第二步，句子的结构分析：
1.句的主干结构是主语（It）+（情态动词+动词原形）（shall indemnify and keep indemnified…against）+宾语（the other Party and the Company）。
2.“if”引导的是条件从句，条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语（given by it in Articles 18. 1 or repeated in 18. 2）。
3.“in addition to”引导的是增补成分，其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语（available to the otherPartyunderthiscontract orunderApplicablelaws）。
4.而“that”引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。
5.固定结构“indemnify sb. Against …”使某人不受……
根据以上分析，以及汉语的行文习惯（条件在前.结果在后，以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前），以上条款可翻译为:如果一方违反任何其根据第18．1条或18．2条所做的陈述及担保或重述，则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外，违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。
在对长句进行分析的基础上，商务合同长句具体翻译方法又可细分为二种:即，顺序法、逆序法和分译法。
(1)顺序法。所谓顺序法就是按照原文的顺序组织译文。在商务合同中，当英语长句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的时间安排或逻辑关系排列时，此类长句与汉语的表达方式较一致，可按原文的顺序译出。
例2：
In the event that the Company's operations are reduced substantially from the scale of operation originally anticipated by the parties,or the Company experience substantial and continuing losses resulting in negative retained earnings not anticipated by the Parties in the agreed Business Plan, or in any other circumstance permitted under Applicable Laws or agreed by the Parties,the Parties may agree to reduce the registered capital of the Company on a pro rata basis.
上述句子的逻辑关系非常清楚，即：三个假设条件，一个结论，表达顺序与汉语一致。因此，可按照原文的语序进行翻译。参考译文:如果合营公司的经营规模比双方原来预期的规模有大幅度缩减，或合营公司持续遭受严重亏损，导致双方商定的业务计划中所未预期的盈余保留负数，或在任何相关法律允许或双方一致同意的情况下，双方可以协议按原有出资比例减资。
(2)逆序法。所谓逆序法就是逆着原文的顺序翻译。在商务合同中，有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同，甚至语序完全相反。因此，根据汉语的习惯，译者必须从原文句子的后面译起。 由于译文句子的前后与原文句子的前后相比，有倒置现象，因此，逆序法又称为“倒置法”。
例3：
The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due toForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheprocess of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit。
这里原文的行文方式是把信息的重心放在句首，先表明卖方的免责事项（The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods)，接着再规定由于什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责( due to Force Majeure)。而对不可抗力又做了限定（which might occurduringtheprocessofmanufacturingorinthecourse of loading or transit）。而按照汉民族的思维习惯往往是先谈原因再讲结论。因此翻译时译者应采用逆序的方法将原文表示免责条件的“duetoForceMajeure,whichmight…ofloadingortransit” 移到句首。再者, 英语中的非限制性定语从句（即本句中的which might occur... of loading or transit）翻译成中文时要么仍翻译成定语放在所修饰的词之前，要么处理为别的成分。根据以上分析，原文可翻译为：凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任。
(3)分译法。分译法就是将原文一个句子分成几个句子来翻译，或者将其中某个较长的修饰成分单独翻译成一句或几句。这是由于在商务合同中有些句子过长，又含有多层意思，而主句和从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系又不十分紧密，如果采用一个汉语句子对原文进行翻译，容易导致句义混乱，这种情况下，译者可以把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来翻译。这样做也符合汉语多用短句的习惯，同时也可以使句子意思表达得更清楚明了。
例4:
EitherPartymayterminate thecontract incase of failure on the part of the other Party to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder and in the event that such failure remains unremediedsixty （60） days after the service of a written noticeas described in Article X below by the non-defaulting Party to the other Party specifying the failure in question andrequiring it to be remedied.
原文是商务合同中有关期限和终止的条款，按照先讲结论，即合同任一方具有的权利（Either Party may terminate the contract）然后再列举实施此权利的条件（in case of failure ... and in the eventthat ...）的顺序行文，而汉民族的行文习惯往往是先条件后结论，所以译文在整体上应采用逆序法。但，即：违约行为60天内未改正，60天是从无责任方书面通知送达之日算起，书面通知中无责任方已指出对方违约行为并要求其改正等等。如不对内容进行分解，则可能导致句义混乱。因此，翻译此句时应采用拆译法，以期将原文意思表述清楚。参考译文:如果一方未完成或未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，而且未按照下述第X条规定在另一方向其送达书面通知，指出其违约行为并要求其予以改正后六十(60)天内，其仍未子以改正，另一方则可以终止本合同。
商务英文合同为了在有限的条款中完整、明确地表达合同各方的权利和义务，大量使用信息包涵量大的复杂长句，给译者造成一定困难。但不管遇到何种类型的长句，译者都可在对原句进行分析的基础上，根据汉语行文习惯，采用顺序法、逆序法，以及分译法或同时采用几种方法的方式，准确翻译原文。
参考文献:
[1]张新红等:商务英语翻译(英译汉)［M］.北京:高等教育出社，2003
[2]傅伟良:合同法律文件翻译谈[J].中国翻译，2002,(5)
销售合同SALES CONTRACT
卖方SELLER:DESUN TRADING CO., LTD.HUARONG MANSION RM2901 NO.85 GUANJIAQIAO,NANJING 210005, CHINATEL: 0086-25-4715004 FAX: 0086-25-4711363编号NO.:NEO20xx026日期DATE:Feb. 28, 20xx地点SIGNED IN:NANJING, CHINA买方BUYER:NEO GENERAL TRADING CO.P.O. BOX 99552, RIYADH 22766, KSATEL: 00966-1-4659220 FAX: 00966-1-4659213买卖双方同意以下条款达成交易：This contract Is made by and agreed between the BUYER and SELLER , in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated below.
1. 品名及规格Commodity & Specification2. 数量Quantity3. 单价及价格条款Unit Price & Trade Terms4. 金额AmountCFR DAMMAM PORT, SAUDI ARABIAABOUT 1700 CARTONS CANNED MUSRHOOMS PIECES & STEMS 24 TINS X 425 GRAMS NET WEIGHT (D.W. 227 GRAMS) AT USD7.80 PER CARTON.ROSE BRAND.1700CARTONSUSD7.80USD13260.00Total:1700CARTONSUSD13260.00允许With
溢短装，由卖方决定More or less of shipment allowed at the sellers’ option
5. 总值Total ValueUSD THIRTEEN THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED AND SIXTY ONLY.6. 包装PackingEXPORTED BROWN CARTON7. 唛头Shipping MarksROSE BRAND178/20xxRIYADH8. 装运期及运输方式Time of Shipment & means of TransportationNot Later Than Apr.30, 20xx BY VESSEL9. 装运港及目的地Port of Loading & DestinationFrom : SHANGHAI PORT, CHINATo : DAMMAM PORT, SAUDI ARABIA10. 保险InsuranceTO BE COVERED BY THE BUYER.11. 付款方式Terms of PaymentThe Buyers shall open through a bank acceptable to the Seller an Irrevocable Letter of Credit payable at sight of reach the seller 30 days before the month of shipment, valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the date of shipment.12. 备注RemarksThe BuyerThe SellerNEO GENERAL TRADING CO.DESUN TRADING CO., LTD.(signature)(signature)
承租方（乙方）Lessee （hereinafter referred to as Party B） ：
根据国家有关法律、法规和有关规定，甲、乙双方在平等自愿的基础上，经友好协商一致，就甲方将其合法拥有的房屋出租给乙方使用，乙方承租使用甲方房屋事宜，订立本合同。
In accordance with relevant Chinese laws 、decrees and pertinent rules and regulations ，Party A and Party B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude the following contract.
一、 物业地址 Location of the premises
甲方将其所有的位于上海市_________区____________________________________的房屋及其附属设施在良好状态下出租给乙方___________使用。
Party A will lease to Party B the premises and attached facilities all owned by Party A itself， which is located at _______________________________________ __________________________ and in good condition for_____________ .
二、 房屋面积 Size of the premises
出租房屋的登记面积为_________平方米（建筑面积）。
The registered size of the leased premises is_________square meters （Gross size）。
三、 租赁期限 Lease term
租赁期限自_______年___月___日起至_______年___月___日止，为期___年，甲方应于_______年___月___日将房屋腾空并交付乙方使用。
The lease term will be from _____（month） _____（day） _______（year） to ________（month） _____（day） _______（year）。 Party A will clear the premises and provide it to Party B for use before _____（month） _____（day） _______（year）。
四、 租金 Rental
1. 数额：双方商定租金为每月人民币_____________元整， 乙方以___________形式支付给甲方 .
Amount： the rental will be ____________per month. Party B will pay the rental
to Party A in the form of ____________in ________________.
2. 租金按_____月为壹期支付；第一期租金于_______年_____月_____日以前付清；以后每期租金于每月的______日以前缴纳，先付后住（若乙方以汇款形式支付租金，则以汇出日为支付日，汇费由汇出方承担）。甲方收到租金后予书面签收。
Payment of rental will be one installment everymonth（s）。 The first installment will be paid before_______（month）______（day）__________（year）。 Each successive installment will be paid_____________each month.
Party B will pay the rental before using the premises and attached facilities （In case Party B pays the rental in the form of remittance， the date of remitting will be the day of payment and the remittance fee will be borne by the remitter.） Party A will issue a written receipt after receiving the payment.
3. 如乙方逾期支付租金超过十天，则每天以月租金的0.5%支付滞纳金；如乙方逾期支付租金超过十五天，则视为乙方自动退租，构成违约，甲方有权收回房屋，并追究乙方违约责任。
In case the rental is more than ten working days overdue， Party B will pay 0.5 percent of monthly rental as overdue fine every day， if the rental be paid 15 days overdue， Party B will be deemed to have with drawn from the premises and breach the contract. In this situation， Party A has the right to take back the premises and take actions against party B's breach.
五、 保证金 Deposit
1. 为确保房屋及其附属设施之安全与完好，及租赁期内相关费用之如期结算，乙方同意于______年_____月_____日前支付给甲方保证金人民币 _________元整，甲方在收到保证金后予以书面签收。
Guarantying the safety and good conditions of the premises and attached facilities and account of relevant fees are settled on schedule during the lease term， party B will pay _________to party A as a deposit before _____（month） _____（day） _______（year）。 Party A will issue a written receipt after receiving the deposit.
2. 除合同另有约定外，甲方应于租赁关系消除且乙方迁空、点清并付清所有应付费用后的当天将保证金全额无息退还乙方。
Unless otherwise provided for by this contract， Party A will return full amount of the deposit without interest on the day when this contract expires and party B clears the premises and has p
aid all due rental and other expenses.
3. 因乙方违反本合同的规定而产生的违约金、损坏赔偿金和其它相关费用，甲方可在保证金中抵扣，不足部分乙方必须在接到甲方付款通知后十日内补足。
In case party B breaches this contract， party A has right to deduct the default fine， compensation for damage or any other expenses from the deposit . In case the deposit is not sufficient to cover such items， Party B should pay the insufficiency within ten days after receiving the written notice of payment from Party A.
六、 甲方义务 Obligations of Party A
1. 甲方须按时将房屋及附属设施（详见附件）交付乙方使用。
Party A will provide the premises and attached facilities （see the appendix of furniture list for detail） on schedule to Party B for using.
2. 房屋设施如因质量原因、自然损耗或灾害而受到损坏，甲方有修缮并承担相关费用的责任。
In case the premise and attached facilities are damaged by quality problems， natural damages or disasters， Party A will be responsible to repair and pay the relevant expenses.
3. 甲方应确保出租的房屋享有出租的权利，反之如乙方权益因此遭受损害，甲方应负赔偿责任。
Party A will guarantee the lease right of the premises. Otherwise， Party A will be responsible to compensate Party B's losses.
七、 乙方义务 Obligations of Party B
1. 乙方应按合同的规定按时支付定金、租金及保证金。
Party B will pay the rental， the deposit and other expenses on time.
2. 乙方经甲方同意，可在房屋内添置设备。租赁期满后，乙方将添置的设备搬走，并保证不影响房屋的完好及正常使用。
Party B may decorate the premises and add new facilities with Party A's approval. When this contract expires， Party B may take away the added facilities which are removable without changing the good conditions of the premises for normal use.
3. 未经甲方同意，乙方不得将承租的房屋转租或分租，并爱护使用该房屋如因乙方过失或过错致使房屋及设施受损，乙方应承担赔偿责任。
Party B will not transfer the lease of the premises or sublet it without Party A's approval and should take good care of the premises. Otherwise， Party B will be responsible to compensate any damages of the premises and attached facilities caused by its fault and negligence.
4. 乙方应按本合同规定合法使用该房屋，不得擅自改变使用性质。乙方不得在该房屋内存放危险物品。否则，如该房屋及附属设施因此受损，乙方应承担全部责任。
Party B will use the premises lawfully according to this contract without changing the nature of the premises and storing hazardous materials in it. Otherwise， Party B will be responsible for the damages caused by it
5. 乙方应承担租赁期内的水、电、煤气、电讯、收视费、等一切因实际使用而产生的费用，并按单如期缴纳。
Party B will bear the cost of utilities such as communications， water， electricity， gas， management fee etc. on time during the lease term.
八、 合同终止及解除的规定 Termination and dissolution of the contract
1. 乙方在租赁期满后如需退租或续租，应提前两个月通知甲方，由双方另行协商退租或续租事宜。在同等条件下乙方享有优先续租权。
Within two months before the contract expires， Party B will notify Party A if it intends to extend the leasehold. In this situation， two parties will discuss matters over the extension.
2. 租赁期满后，乙方应在当天将房屋交还甲方；任何滞留物，如未取得甲方谅解，均视为放弃，任凭甲方处置，乙方决无异议。
When the lease term expires， Party B will return the premises and attached facilities to Party A within days. Any belongings left in it without Party A's previous understanding will be deemed to be abandoned by Party B. In this situation， Party A has the right to dispose of it and Party A will raise no objection.
3. 本合同一经双方签字后立即生效；未经双方同意，不得任意终止，如有未尽事宜，甲、乙双方可另行协商。
This contract will be effective after being signed by both parties. Any party has no right to terminate this contract without another party's agreement. Anything not covered in this contract will be discussed separately by both parties
九、 违约及处理 Breach of the c
ontract
1. 甲、乙双方任何一方在未征得对方谅解的情况下，不履行本合同规定条款，导致本合同中途中止，则视为该方违约，双方同意违约金为人民币___________元整，若违约金不足弥补无过错方之损失，则违约方还需就不足部分支付赔偿金。
During the lease term， any party who fails to fulfill any article of this contract without the other party's understanding will be deemed to breach the contract. Both parties agree that the default fine will be________________. In case the default fine is not sufficient to cover the loss suffered by the faultless party， the party in breach should pay additional compensation to the other party.
2. 若双方在执行本合同或与本合同有关的事情时发生争议，应首先友好协商；协商不成，可向有管辖权的人民法院提讼。本合同一经双方签字后立即生效；未经双方同意，不得任意终止，如有未尽事宜，甲、乙双方可另行协商。
Both parties will solve the disputes arising from execution of the contract or in connection with the contract through friendly consultation. In case the agreement cannot be reached， any party may summit the dispute to the court that has the jurisdiction over the matter.
十、 其他 Miscellaneous
1. 本合同附件是本合同的有效组成部分，与本合同具有同等法律效力。
Any annex is the integral part of this contract. The annex and this contract are equally valid.
2. 本合同壹式贰份，甲、乙双方各执一份。
There are 2 originals of this contract. Each party will hold 1 original（s）。
3. 甲、乙双方如有特殊约定，可在本款另行约定：
Other special terms will be listed bellows：
______________________________________________
甲 方：Party A
乙方：Party B
